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according to the spirit of the law

Толкование Перевод

1 according to the spirit of the law

[ë'ko:ding tu dhë spirit ëv dhë lo:] në përputhje të plotë me ligjin

English-Albanian dictionary > according to the spirit of the law
2 law

[lɔː]
n

закон, право, правило

It's against the law. — Это запрещено законом.

The law was given out in — 1917. Этот закон был издан в 1917 году.

Respect for the law is the foundation of civilized society living. — Уважение к закону - основа цивилизованного общества.

The machinary of the law was set in motion. — В движение пришел механизм законопорядка.

Many of the laws passed by Parliament are never enforced. — Многие законы, принятые Парламентом, никогда не вступают в силу.

A degree in law would be an advantage in the job market. — Ученая степень по юридическим наукам будет преимуществом при получении работы.

Necessity knows no law. — ◊ Нужда свой закон пишет. /Для нужды нет закона.

One law for the rich and another for the poor. — ◊ Закон, что дышло, куда повернул, туда и вышло. /У сильного всегда бессильный виноват.

Possession is nine points of the law. — ◊ Бедному с богатым судиться, лучше в ложке утопиться. /Богатый всегда прав.

- economic law
- wise law
- nature's laws
- old law
- active law
- just law
- fundamental law
- rigorous laws
- mortal law
- criminal law
- civil law
- public law
- common law
- customary law
- administrative law
- municipal law
- regional international law
- Mendeleev's laws
- Grimm's laws
- natural law
- economic laws
- divorce law
- conscription law
- scientific laws
- social laws
- human laws
- moral laws
- marriage laws
- irreversible laws
- Lynch law
- occupation laws
- immigration laws
- war-time laws
- copyright law
- traffic laws
- speed laws
- unwritten laws
- standing laws
- binding laws
- law and order
- law court
- law school
- law department
- law digest
- law firm
- my in-laws
- law of the country
- supreme law of the country
- law against truancy
- law of criminal procedure
- law of treaties
- law of gravity
- laws of harmony
- law of self-preservation
- law of probability
- laws of hospitality
- laws of honour
- laws of the jungle
- laws of football
- protected by law
- regulated by law
- rules set by the law
- rules provided in the law
- process governed by certain laws
- question of law
- doctor of law
- career in law
- letter of the law
- spirit of the law
- force of law
- violation of the law
- according to the law
- before the law
- against the law

- under military law
- under Japanese laws
- in conformity with the law
- according to the laws of the country
- under existing laws
- in accordancewith the letter and spirit of the law
- abide by law
- act according to the law
- adopt a law
- amend the laws
- argue for the new law
- avoid the law
- be equal before law
- be punishable by law
- be at law with smb
- be above the law
- be against the law
- become law
- break the law
- circumvent the law
- comply with the law
- disregard law
- ignore law
- denounes law
- enact laws
- give smb to the law
- go to law
- go in for the law
- have in trouble with the law
- have the law on smb
- keep within the law
- know the law
- maintain law and order
- make severe laws
- obey the law
- observe the law
- practise law
- put the city under martial law
- read for the law
- repeal a law
- resist the law
- square the law with practice
- stretch the law
- study law
- study the laws of thermodynamics
- take the law into one's own hands
- law forbids smb to do smth
- law requires...
- law is punctually kept
- law was put into force
- the law is in force

- Billbecome law
- everyone is equal under the law
- comstitution is the supreme law of the country
USAGE:

Обозначение родства, приобретенного в результате женитьбы, оформляется в английском языке образованием сложного слова с неизменным компонентом - in-law, который присоединяется к любому простому термину родства: son-in-law зять; daught-in-law невестка; father-in-law тесть/свекор; mother-in-law теща/свекровь; brother-in-law днвнрь/зять/шурин; sister-in-law невкстка/золовка/своячеица

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > law
3 law

̈ɪlɔ: I сущ.
1) а) закон (регулирующий, предписывающий акт) according to the law ≈ по закону to administer, apply, enforce a law ≈ применять закон to annul, repeal, revoke a law ≈ аннулировать, опротестовать закон to be at law with smb. ≈ быть в тяжбе с кем-л. to break, flout, violate a law ≈ нарушить, преступить закон to cite a law ≈ цитировать закон to declare a law unconstitutional ≈ объявить закон противоречащим конституции (в США) to draft a law ≈ готовить законопроект to interpret a law ≈ толковать закон to obey, observe a law ≈ соблюдать закон, подчиняться закону to promulgate a law ≈ опубликовать закон to take the law into one's own hands ≈ расправиться без суда fair, just law ≈ справедливый закон stringent law ≈ строгий закон unfair law ≈ несправедливый закон unwritten law ≈ неписаный закон There is no law against fishing. ≈ Нет закона, запрещающего рыбную ловлю. It is against the law to smoke in an elevator. ≈ По закону запрещено курить в лифте. in law ≈ по закону, законно to adopt a law ≈ принимать закон to enact a law ≈ принимать закон to go beyond the law ≈ совершить противозаконный поступок to keep within the law ≈ придерживаться закона to lay down the law ≈ формулировать закон to pass a law ≈ принимать закон higher law ≈ божественный закон shield law ≈ закон об охране конфиденциальности antitrust law blue law conflict-of-interest law sunset law sunshine law lynch law Mosaic law law of supply and demand law of diminishing return Syn: canon, code, commandment, constitution, ordinance, regulation, statute б) научный закон, научная закономерность Mendeleyev's law Mendel's law Newton's law periodic law law of gravity law of motion
2) юр. право;
правоведение, законоведение, юриспруденция administrative law business law canon law civil law commercial law constitutional law copyright law corporate law criminal law family law feudal law international law Islamic law labor law maritime law marriage law military law natural law patent law private law public law Roman law substantive law law merchant law school Syn: jurisprudence
3) профессия юриста to read/study law ≈ изучать право, учиться на юриста to practise law ≈ быть юристом
4) суд, судебный процесс to go to law ≈ подать в суд;
начать судебный процесс
5) судейское сословие
6) а) (the law) разг. полиция б) полицейский, блюститель закона ∙ Syn: policeman, police;
sheriff
7) а) правило the laws of badminton ≈ правила игры в бадминтон б) заведенный порядок, обычаи, традиции
8) а) спорт фора;
преимущество, предоставляемое противнику ( в состязании и т. п.) б) перен. передышка, тайм-аут;
отсрочка;
поблажка ∙ he is a law unto himself ≈ для него не существует никаких законов, кроме собственного мнения necessity/need knows no law посл. ≈ нужда не знает закона to give (the) law to smb. ≈ навязать кому-л. свою волю the law of the jungle ≈ закон джунглей in the eyes of the law ≈ в глазах закона everyone is equal under the law ≈ все равны перед законом the letter of the law ≈ буква закона the spirit of the law ≈ дух закона II = lawks закон - * enforcement обеспечение правопорядка - * digest сборник законов или судебных постановлений (решений, приговоров) - at * в соответствии с правом;
по закону;
по суду - enforcement at * принудительное осуществление или взыскание в законном /судебном/ порядке - in * по закону;
законно - according to * в соответствии с законом - force of * сила закона;
законная сила - the * of the land закон страны - to become * становиться законом - to keep within the * не нарушать закона - to go beyond the * обходить закон - to break the * нарушить закон - to be equal before the * быть равными перед законом - to enforce the * обеспечивать соблюдение закона право;
правоведение - criminal /penal/ * уголовное право - international * международное право - international private * частное международное право - universal international * универсальное международное право - * of the sea (юридическое) морское право - space * космическое право - * of war право войны, законы и обычаи войны - natural * естественное право - * of treaties право, регулирующее международные договоры - * of civil procedure гражданско-процессуальное право - * of criminal procedure уголовно-процессуальное право - judge-made * право, созданное судьей /основанное на судебной практике/ - question of * вопрос права профессия юриста - * language юридический язык, юридическая терминология - * school юридическая школа - doctor of /in/ * доктор юридических наук - the faculty of * юридический факультет - to study /to read/ * изучать право - to follow the * избрать профессию юриста - to practise * заниматься адвокатской практикой, быть юристом суд, судебный процесс - * sitting время сессий судов;
месяцы, когда суды заседают - * reports сборники судебных решений - * costs судебные издержки - to go to * обращаться в суд;
начинать судебный процесс;
подавать жалобу, иск - to go to * against smb. подать на кого-л. в суд - to be at * with smb. судиться с кем-л.;
вести процесс - to take /to have/ the * of smb. привлечь кого-л. к суду - I'll have the * on you! я на тебя подам!;
я тебя привлеку! - to take the * into one's own hands расправиться над кем-л. без суда закон (природы, научный) - the * of nature закон природы - the *s of motion законы движения - the * of gravity закон тяготения - the * of conservation of energy закон сохранения энергии - economic *s экономические законы - the * of supply and demand (экономика) закон спроса и предложения - the * of self-preservation закон самосохранения - * of perdurability закон сохранения вещества - the *s of perspective законы перспективы принятый, установленный обычай - *s of honour кодекс /закон/ чести представитель закона, полицейский, сотрудник ФБР и т. п. - open the door, it's the * откройте дверь! Полиция! - the long arm of * finally got him в конце концов полиция схватила его правила (игры и т. п.) - the * of golf правила игры в гольф( спортивное) фора, преимущество, предоставляемое противнику при состязании (разговорное) поблажка > * of Moses закон Моисея;
(библеизм) пятикнижие, тора > the * of jungle закон джунглей > to give the * to smb. командовать кем-л.;
навязывать свою волю кому-л. > necessity knows no * нужда /необходимость/ не знает закона;
для нужды нет закона > to be a * unto oneself ни с чем не считаться, кроме собственного мнения ( разговорное) обращаться в суд (диалектизм) (разговорное) навязывать свою волю abortion ~ закон об абортах action at ~ судебный иск adjective ~ процессуальное право administrative ~ административное право admiralty ~ военно-морское право admiralty ~ морское право adoption ~ сем.право закон об усыновлении и удочерении agreement ~ закон о соглашениях antisymmetric ~ несимметричный закон antitrust ~ антитрестовский закон banking ~ банковский закон banking ~ законодательство о банках bend the ~ подчиняться закону beyond the ~ вне закона binomial ~ биномиальный закон blanket ~ общий закон blue ~ закон, регулирующий режим воскресного дня( США) blue-sky ~ закон, регулирующий выпуск и продажу акций и ценных бумаг (США) break the ~ нарушать закон bulk sales ~ закон о массовых продажах business ~ право, регулирующее область деловых отношений business ~ торговое право by ~ по закону by operation of ~ в силу закона canonical ~ церковное право case in ~ судебное дело в сфере общего права case ~ прецедентное право cause in ~ судебное дело church ~ церковное право civil procedural ~ гражданское процессуальное право commentary on ~ толкование закона common ~ юр. неписанный закон common ~ юр. общее право;
обычное право;
некодифицированное право common ~ общее право common ~ обычное право, некодифицированное право Community ~ закон Европейского экономического сообщества company ~ закон о компаниях company ~ право, регулирующее деятельность акционерных компаний comparative ~ сравнительное право competent before the ~ правомочный constitutional ~ конституционное право, государственное право constitutional ~ конституционное право constitutional ~ конституционный закон consular ~ консульское право control ~ закон о надзоре corporation ~ закон о корпорациях criminal ~ of procedure судопроизводство по уголовным делам criminal ~ of procedure уголовное судопроизводство crown ~ уголовное право ecclesiastical ~ церковное право economic ~ экономический закон emergency ~ чрезвычайное законодательство equal protection of the ~ равенство перед законом equality before the ~ равенство перед законом exemption ~ прецедентное право exponential ~ экспоненциальный закон extraterritorial ~ экстерриториальный закон family ~ семейное право financial ~ финансовое законодательство fiscal ~ закон о налогообложении fiscal ~ налоговое право fiscal ~ финансовый закон framework ~ общий закон gap in ~ пробел в праве Germanic ~ тевтонский закон to give (the) ~ (to smb.) навязать (кому-л.) свою волю global ~ всеобщий закон to go beyond the ~ совершить противозаконный поступок good ~ действующее право to have (или to take) the ~ (of smb.) привлечь (кого-л.) к суду he is a ~ unto himself для него не существует никаких законов, кроме собственного мнения to hold good in ~ быть юридически обоснованным housing ~ юр. жилищное законодательство hyperexponential ~ гиперэкспоненциальный закон in ~ по закону, законно in ~ по закону indispensable ~ закон, не допускающий исключений industrial ~ закон о промышленности industrial ~ производственное право industrial property ~ закон о промышленной собственности industrial relations ~ закон о внутрипроизводственных отношениях infringe the ~ нарушать закон insurance ~ закон о страховании intellectual property ~ закон об интеллектуальной собственности internal ~ внутреннее право international ~ международное право issue in ~ спорный вопрос права, спор о праве to keep within the ~ придерживаться закона within: to come ~ the terms of reference относиться к ведению, к компетенции;
to keep within the law не выходить из рамок закона labour ~ закон о труде labour ~ трудовое право landmark ~ право защиты law = lawk(s) ~ закон ~ закон;
Mendeleyev's law периодическая система элементов Менделеева ~ attr. законный;
юридический;
правовой;
law school юридическая школа;
юридический факультет ~ общее право ~ (the ~) разг. полиция, полицейский ~ правило;
the laws of tennis правила игры в теннис ~ правило ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право ~ право (в объективном смысле) ~ право ~ правоведение ~ спорт. преимущество, предоставляемое противнику (в состязании и т. п.) ;
перен. передышка;
отсрочка;
поблажка ~ профессия юриста;
to follow the (или to go in for) law избрать профессию юриста;
to practise law быть юристом ~ профессия юриста ~ суд, судебный процесс;
to be at law (with smb.) быть в тяжбе (с кем-л.) ;
to go to law подать в суд;
начать судебный процесс ~ суд ~ судебный процесс ~ судейское сословие Law: Law: ~ of Property Act Закон о праве собственности (Великобритания) law: law: ~ of succession наследственное право ~ analogy правовая аналогия ~ and order правопорядок order: law and ~ законность и правопорядок ~ in force действующее право ~ in force действующий закон ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право merchant: law ~ торговое право, обычное торговое право ~ of accidental error закон случайных ошибок ~ of bills and promissory notes закон о счетах и простых векселях ~ of business property закон о собственности компании ~ of causality закон причинности ~ of contract договорное право, договорно-обязательственное право ~ of contract договорное право ~ of criminal procedure процессуальное уголовное право ~ of demand закон спроса ~ of diminishing return "закон убывающего плодородия" ~ of diminishing returns закон убывающей доходности ~ of enforceable rights закон о праве принудительного осуществления в судебном порядке ~ of enforceable rights закон об обеспечении правовой санкции ~ of evidence доказательственное право ~ of evidence система судебных доказательств ~ of large numbers закон больших чисел ~ of nations международное право ~ of obligation обязательственное право ~ of persons личное право ~ of probabilitys законы вероятности ~ of procedure процессуальное право ~ of property вещное право ~ of property право собственности law: ~ of succession наследственное право ~ of the sea морское право ~ of variable proportions закон переменных соотношений ~ of wages закон о фондах заработной платы ~ attr. законный;
юридический;
правовой;
law school юридическая школа;
юридический факультет school: law ~ юридическая школа law ~ юридический факультет университета law = lawk(s) lawk(s): lawk(s) int разг. неужто? laws: laws = lawk(s) ~ правило;
the laws of tennis правила игры в теннис local government ~ закон местной власти loop-hole in ~ лазейка в законе mandatory ~ обязательный закон maritime ~ морское право martial ~ военное положение martial ~ военное право martial: martial военный;
martial law военное положение mathematical frequency ~ вчт. математический закон распределения matrimonial property ~ закон о собственности супругов ~ закон;
Mendeleyev's law периодическая система элементов Менделеева mercantile ~ торговое право, обычное торговое право mercantile ~ торговое право mercantile: ~ торговый;
коммерческий;
mercantile law торговое законодательство;
mercantile marine торговый флот merchant shipping ~ закон о торговом судоходстве military ~ военное право moral ~ закон морали municipal ~ внутреннее право страны municipal ~ внутригосударственное право, внутреннее право страны municipal ~ внутригосударственное право natural ~ естественное право natural ~ естественное правосудие necessity (или need) knows no ~ посл. нужда не знает закона normal probability ~ нормальный закон распределения observe the ~ соблюдать закон outside the ~ вне закона patent ~ закон о патентах patent ~ патентное право, патентный закон patent ~ патентное право patent ~ патентный закон penal ~ уголовное право person in ~ субъект права positive ~ действующее право positive ~ позитивное право ~ профессия юриста;
to follow the (или to go in for) law избрать профессию юриста;
to practise law быть юристом private international ~ международное частное право ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право law: private ~ закон, действующий в отношении конкретных лиц private ~ частное право private ~ частный закон;
закон, действующий в отношении конкретных лиц private ~ частный закон procedural ~ процессуальное право procedural ~ процесуальное право protection of ~ защита закона public international ~ публичное международное право public ~ публичное право public ~ публичный закон (закон, касающийся всего населения) ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право real ~ правовые нормы, относящиеся к недвижимости responsibility under ~ ответственность в соответствии с законом revenue ~ закон о налогах Roman ~ римское право Roman: ~ римский;
латинский;
Roman alphabet латинский алфавит;
Roman law юр. римское право sea ~ морское право statute ~ писаный закон (противоп. common law) statute ~ право, выраженное в законодательных актах statute ~ статутное право statutory ~ право, основанное на законодательных актах;
статутное право statutory ~ право, основанное на законодательных актах statutory ~ статутное право substantive ~ материальное право to take the ~ into one's own hands расправиться без суда tax ~ налоговое право trade marks ~ закон о товарных знаках transitional ~ временное законодательство transitional ~ закон, действующий в переходном периоде unwritten ~ неписаное право, прецедентное право unwritten ~ неписаный закон unwritten ~ общее неписаное право unwritten ~ прецедентное право unwritten: ~ law неписаный закон ~ law юр. прецедентное право usury ~ закон против ростовщичества violate the ~ нарушать закон Wagner's ~ закон Вагнера (согласно которому доля государственных расходов в нацональном доходе возрастает по мере прогресса экономического развития) within the ~ в рамках закона

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > law
4 law

n

закон, право; законодательство, правовая норма

to abide by the law — соблюдать закон

to abolish / to abrogate a law — отменять закон

to abuse the law — нарушать закон

to acquire force of the law — приобретать силу закона

to act outside the law — поступать незаконно

to act within the law — действовать в рамках закона

to adhere strictly to the law — строго придерживаться закона

to administer law — отправлять / осуществлять правосудие

to adopt a law — принимать / утверждать закон

to alter / to amend a law — вносить поправки в закон

to annul a law — отменять закон

to apply a law — применять закон

to apply the law to the present case — применять закон к данному делу

to be above the law — быть неподсудным / выше закона / над законом

to be against the law — противоречить закону

to be at law with smb — судиться с кем-л.

to be equal before the law — быть равным перед законом

to be exempt from the law — быть неподсудным / неподвластным закону

to be in accordance with the law — отвечать нормам права

to be recognized in international law — получать международно-правовое признание

to be under martial law — быть на военном положении

to become law — становиться законом

to break a law — нарушать / преступать закон

to bring the force of the law against smb — использовать силу закона против кого-л.

to cancel the martial law — отменять военное положение

to comply with law — соблюдать закон

to contradict existing laws — противоречить существующим законам

to contravene a law — нарушать закон; противоречить закону

to decide one's own laws — определять свое собственное законодательство

to declare martial law — вводить военное положение

to defy law — не подчиняться закону, игнорировать закон

to deny the laws of social development — отрицать закономерности общественного развития

to destabilize law and order — дестабилизировать правопорядок

to displace the law — изменять закон

to draw up a law — разрабатывать закон / законопроект

to drop a law — отменять закон

to enact a law — принимать закон

to enact legislation into law — принимать законопроект, придавать законопроекту силу закона

to enforce law — обеспечивать выполнение закона, следить за соблюдением закона

to enhance international law — повышать роль международного права

to ensure law and order — обеспечивать соблюдение правопорядка

to establish nation-wide martial law — вводить в стране военное положение

to except from the operation of a law — изымать из-под действия закона

to execute a law — исполнять закон

to find ways around the law — обходить закон

to flout law — попирать / не выполнять закон

to follow the law — следовать закону

to go beyond the law — совершать противозаконный поступок; обходить закон

to go to the law — обращаться в суд

to guarantee law and order — гарантировать правопорядок

to have the force of a law — иметь силу закона

to hide from law — скрываться от правосудия

to honor the law — уважать / соблюдать закон

to implement a law — выполнять закон; вводить закон в действие

to impose nation-wide martial law — вводить в стране военное положение

to infringe law — нарушать / преступать закон

to institute / to introduce law — вводить закон

to introduce a wartime emergency law — вводить чрезвычайный закон военного времени

to introduce martial law — вводить военное положение

to invoke law — обращаться к закону

to issue a law — обнародовать закон

to keep law and order — соблюдать правопорядок

to keep in with the law — подчиняться закону, не нарушать закон

to keep the law — соблюдать закон

to keep within the law — держаться в рамках / придерживаться закона

to lay down the law — распоряжаться, командовать

to lift martial law — отменять военное положение

to make a law — издавать закон; составлять закон

to monitor application of a law — следить за применением закона

to nourish the rule of law — укреплять власть закона

to observe the law — соблюдать закон

to offend against the law — нарушать закон

to operate a law in practice — применять закон на практике

to override law — не признавать закон, не считаться с законом

to overstep the law — выходить за рамки законности

to overturn a law — отменять закон

to pass a law — принимать / утверждать закон

to place oneself above the law — ставить себя над законом

to practice law — заниматься адвокатурой / юриспруденцией

to proclaim martial law — вводить военное положение

to promote law and public order — укреплять законность и общественный порядок

to promulgate a law — обнародовать закон

to put a law into effect / operation — вводить закон в действие

to put one's proposals into law — включать свои предложения в закон

to read law — изучать право

to reconsider a law — пересматривать закон

to re-draft a law — переделывать закон

to re-establish the rule of law — восстанавливать законность

to reform a law — изменять закон

to relax a law — смягчать закон

to repeal a law — отменять закон

to respect the laws and customs of a country — уважать законы и обычаи страны

to revise a law — пересматривать закон

to rush a law — протаскивать закон ( через парламент)

to scrap a law — отменять закон

to set oneself above the law — ставить себя выше закона

to stay within the law — оставаться в рамках закона

to strike down a law — не утвердить закон ( в Верховном суде США)

to study law — изучать право

to submit oneself to the law — передавать себя в руки закона

to subvert the law — подрывать закон

to suspend a law — приостанавливать действие закона

to take the law in(to) one's own hands — устраивать самосуд

to take the law of smb — привлекать кого-л. к суду

to tighten (up) a law — ужесточать закон

to unmake a law — отменять закон

to uphold the law — отстаивать закон

to use the full force of the law — использовать всю силу закона

to veto a law — налагать вето на закон

to violate a law — нарушать / преступать / попирать закон

to waive a law — не применять закон

- a new law comes into force
- abuse of the law
- according to the law
- active law
- administration of laws
- administrative law
- air law
- ambassadorial law
- amnesty law
- antilabor law
- antipollution law
- antismoking law
- antiterrorist law
- antitrust laws
- application of the law

- banking law
- basic law
- binding in law
- breach of law
- breakdown of law and order
- business law
- by law
- campaign-financing laws
- canon law
- case law
- changes to the electoral law
- child-labor laws
- civil law
- clemency law
- club law
- code of international law

- commercial law
- common law
- company law
- compliance with law
- conflict of interest law
- conflict with the law
- conscription law
- constitutional law
- consular law
- contrary to law
- contrary to military law
- controversial law
- conventional international law
- cosmic law
- court of law
- criminal law
- crown law
- customary law
- definite law
- development of international law
- discriminatory law
- disdain for the law
- disregard of the law
- doctor of law
- domestic law
- draft law
- ecclesiastical law
- economic law
- economic laws of the development of society
- election law
- electoral law
- emergency law
- enforcement of a law
- existent laws
- existing laws
- export control law
- extension of martial law
- extradition law
- family law
- federal laws
- force of law

- freeze on the implementation of the law
- fundamental law
- general international law
- general law
- gun control law
- gun law prevails
- gun law
- humanitarian law
- immigration laws
- in British law
- in conformity with the law
- in law
- in the eyes of the law
- individual labor law
- infringement of the laws
- institutions of international law
- internal law
- internal security laws
- international administrative law
- international humanitarian law
- international law
- international monetary law
- international private law
- international public law
- international trade law
- international treaty law
- interstate commerce laws
- inviolable law
- irreversible law
- Islamic holy laws
- Jim Crow law
- judicial law
- jungle law
- labor laws
- land law
- language law
- law and order

- law comes into force
- law goes through
- law is in force
- law is invalid
- law is subject to yearly review
- law is the law
- law merchant
- law must be upheld
- law of actions
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflicts
- law of contracts
- law of criminal procedure
- law of international trade
- law of nations
- law of nature
- law of property
- law of state responsibility
- law of succession
- law of the land
- law of the sea
- law of treaties
- law of value
- law on leasing
- law on religion
- law on smth
- law provides for
- law should follow its normal course
- laws and customs
- laws and regulations
- laws are being ignored
- laws governing social development
- laws governing the economy
- laws in force
- laws of historical development of society
- laws of honor
- laws restraining the press
- local law
- loop-hole in the law
- Lynch law
- maritime law
- maritime safety law
- martial law is in force
- martial law
- military law
- minions of law
- municipal law
- national law
- natural law
- nature laws
- no-knock search law
- object of international law
- objective economic laws
- objective laws
- observance of the laws
- offence of law
- outer space law
- passage of the law
- penal law
- political law
- power to execute laws
- press law
- principles of law
- private international law
- private law
- property law
- provision in the law
- public international law
- public law
- race law
- racist law
- responsibility under international law

- restoration of the rule of law
- retreat of the law
- right-to-know law
- right-to-work laws
- rules of law
- secession law
- security law
- segregation law
- settled law
- shield laws
- slip law
- source of law
- space law
- state law
- statute law
- strict observance of the law
- subject of international law
- substantive law
- sunset law
- sunshine law
- system of law
- the spirit and the letter of the law
- under an amnesty law
- under local law
- under the law
- under the new law
- universal historical laws
- vagrancy law
- valid in law

- violation of international law

- wage-restraint law
- war-time laws
- within bounds of international law

Politics english-russian dictionary > law
5 law

I [lɔː] сущ.
1)

а) закон (регулирующий, предписывающий акт)

fair / just law — справедливый закон

stringent law — строгий закон

unwritten law — неписаный закон

in law — по закону, законно

according to the law — в соответствии с законом

to go beyond the law — совершить противозаконный поступок

to keep within the law — придерживаться закона

to lay down the law — формулировать закон

to administer / apply / enforce a law — применять закон

to annul / repeal / revoke a law — аннулировать, опротестовать закон

to break / flout / violate a law — нарушить, преступить закон

to adopt / enact / pass a law — принимать закон

to cite a law — цитировать закон

to declare a law unconstitutional — объявить закон противоречащим конституции ( в США)

to draft a law — готовить законопроект

to interpret a law — толковать закон

to obey / observe a law — соблюдать закон, подчиняться закону

to promulgate a law — опубликовать закон

to take the law into one's own hands — расправиться без суда

There is no law against fishing. — Нет закона, запрещающего рыбную ловлю.

It is against the law to smoke in an elevator. — По закону запрещено курить в лифте.

- higher law
- shield law
- antitrust law
- blue law
- conflict-of-interest law
- sunset law
- sunshine law
- lynch law

- law of supply and demand
- law of diminishing return
Syn:

canon, code, commandment, constitution, ordinance, regulation, statute

б) научный закон, научная закономерность

- Mendeleyev's law
- Newton's law
- periodic law

- law of gravity
- law of motion
2) юр. право; правоведение, законоведение, юриспруденция

- administrative law
- business law
- commercial law
- canon law
- civil law
- constitutional law
- copyright law
- corporate law
- criminal law
- family law
- marriage law
- feudal law
- international law
- Islamic law
- labour law
- maritime law
- military law
- natural law
- patent law
- private law
- public law
- Roman law

- substantive law
- law merchant
- law school
Syn:

jurisprudence

3) профессия юриста

to read / study law — изучать право, учиться на юриста

to practise law — быть юристом

4) суд, судебный процесс

to go to law — подать в суд; начать судебный процесс

to be at law with smb. — судиться с кем-л.

5) судейское сословие

6)

а) ( the law) разг. полиция

б) полицейский, блюститель закона

•

Syn:

policeman, police, sheriff

7) ( the Law) библ.; = Mosaic Law Закон (Моисеев), Тора (согласно Библии, получен древними евреями от самого Бога через Моисея; нашёл отражение в первых пяти книгах Ветхого Завета) см. тж. Pentateuch, Hagiographa, prophet 2)

8)

а) правило

the laws of badminton — правила игры в бадминтон

б) заведённый порядок, обычаи, традиции

9)

а) спорт. фора; преимущество, предоставляемое противнику

б) передышка, тайм-аут; отсрочка; поблажка

•

It is Sod's Law that we spend the least time in the most attractive places. — По закону подлости в самых привлекательных местах мы проводим меньше всего времени.

Murphy's Law — = Murphy's law закон Мёрфи, закон подлости

••

he is a law unto himself — для него не существует никаких законов, кроме собственного мнения

Necessity / need knows no law. посл. — Нужда не знает закона.

to give (the) law to smb. — навязать кому-л. свою волю

the law of the jungle — закон джунглей

in the eyes of the law — в глазах закона

everyone is equal under the law — все равны перед законом

the letter of the law — буква закона

the spirit of the law — дух закона

Sod's Law — = Sod's law закон подлости
II [lɔː] = lawks

Англо-русский современный словарь > law
6 according

[ë'ko:ding] I. lidh. according as sipas; si; you may either go or stay, according as you decide mund të shkosh ose të rish, si të vendosësh vetë.

II. parafj. according to sipas; according to all accounts nga gjithë sa thuhet; according to the book brenda rregullave; according to Hoyle sipas rregullave të caktuara (të vendosura); according to orders sipas urdhrave; according to plan sipas planit; me plan; according to rumours nga sa thuhet; according to the spirit of the law në përputhje të plotë me ligjin.

* * *

sipas; në përputhje me

English-Albanian dictionary > according
7 according to

[ë'ko:ding tu] conj. 1. sipas. 2. në pajtim me; në varësi nga; ; according to all accounts nga gjithë sa thuhet; according to the book brenda rregullave; according to Hoyle sipas rregullave të caktuara (të vendosura); according to orders sipas urdhrave; according to plan sipas planit; me plan; according to rumours nga sa thuhet; according to the spirit of the law në përputhje të plotë me ligjun.

English-Albanian dictionary > according to
8 break

1. transitive verb,
broke, broken

1) brechen; (so as to damage) zerbrechen; kaputtmachen (ugs.); aufschlagen [Ei zum Kochen]; zerreißen [Seil]; (fig.): (interrupt) unterbrechen; brechen [Bann, Zauber, Schweigen]

break something in two/in pieces — etwas in zwei Teile/in Stücke brechen

the TV/my watch is broken — der Fernseher/meine Uhr ist kaputt (ugs.)

2) (fracture) sich (Dat.) brechen; (pierce) verletzen [Haut]

he broke his leg — er hat sich (Dat.) das Bein gebrochen

break one's/somebody's back — (fig.) sich/jemanden kaputtmachen (ugs.)

break the back of something — (fig.) bei etwas das Schwerste hinter sich bringen

break open — aufbrechen

3) (violate) brechen [Vertrag, Versprechen]; verletzen, verstoßen gegen [Regel, Tradition]; nicht einhalten [Verabredung]; überschreiten [Grenze]

break the law — gegen das Gesetz verstoßen

4) (destroy) zerstören, ruinieren [Freundschaft, Ehe]

5) (surpass) brechen [Rekord]

6) (abscond from)

break jail — [aus dem Gefängnis] ausbrechen

7) (weaken) brechen, beugen [Stolz]; zusammenbrechen lassen [Streik]

break somebody's heart — jemandem das Herz brechen

break somebody — (crush) jemanden fertig machen (ugs.)

break the habit — es sich (Dat.) abgewöhnen; see also academic.ru/44727/make">make 1. 15)

8) (cushion) auffangen [Schlag, jemandes Fall]

9) (make bankrupt) ruinieren

break the bank — die Bank sprengen

it won't break the bank — (fig. coll.) es kostet kein Vermögen

10) (reveal)

break the news that... — melden, dass...

11) (solve) entschlüsseln, entziffern [Kode, Geheimschrift]

12) (Tennis)

break service/somebody's service — den Aufschlag des Gegners/jemandes Aufschlag durchbrechen. See also broken 2.
2. intransitive verb,
broke, broken

1) kaputtgehen (ugs.); entzweigehen; [Faden, Seil:] [zer]reißen; [Glas, Tasse, Teller:] zerbrechen; [Eis:] brechen

somebody's heart is breaking — jemandem bricht das Herz

break in two/in pieces — entzweibrechen

2) (crack) [Fenster-, Glasscheibe:] zerspringen

my back was nearly breaking — ich brach mir fast das Kreuz

3) (sever links)

break with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas brechen

4)

break into — einbrechen in (+ Akk.) [Haus]; aufbrechen [Safe]

he broke into a sweat — ihm brach der Schweiß aus

break into a trot/run — etc. zu traben/laufen usw. anfangen

break into a banknote — eine Banknote anbrechen

break out of prison — etc. aus dem Gefängnis usw. ausbrechen

5)

break free or loose [from somebody/somebody's grip] — sich [von jemandem/aus jemandes Griff] losreißen

break free/loose [from prison] — [aus dem Gefängnis] ausbrechen

6) [Welle:] sich brechen (on/against an + Dat.)

7) [Wetter:] umschlagen

8) [Wolkendecke:] aufreißen

9) [Tag:] anbrechen

10) [Sturm:] losbrechen

11)

somebody's voice is breaking — jemand kommt in den Stimmbruch; (with emotion) jemandem bricht die Stimme

12) (have interval)

break for coffee/lunch — [eine] Kaffee-/Mittagspause machen

13) (become public) bekannt werden
3. noun
1) Bruch, der; (of rope) Reißen, das

break [of service] — (Tennis) Break, der od. das

a break with somebody/something — ein Bruch mit jemandem/etwas

break of day — Tagesanbruch, der

2) (gap) Lücke, die; (Electr.): (in circuit) Unterbrechung, die

3) (sudden dash)

they made a sudden break [for it] — sie stürmten plötzlich davon

4) (interruption) Unterbrechung, die

5) (pause, holiday) Pause, die

during the commercial breaks on TV — während der Werbespots im Fernsehen

take or have a break — [eine] Pause machen

6) (coll.): (fair chance, piece of luck) Chance, die

lucky break — große Chance

that was a bad break for him — das war Pech für ihn

Phrasal Verbs:

- break away

- break down

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break out of

- break through

- break up

* * *
[breik] 1. past tense - broke; verb
1) (to divide into two or more parts (by force).) brechen

2) ((usually with off/away) to separate (a part) from the whole (by force).) abbrechen

3) (to make or become unusable.) vernichten

4) (to go against, or not act according to (the law etc): He broke his appointment at the last minute.) brechen

5) (to do better than (a sporting etc record).) (einen Rekord etc.) brechen

6) (to interrupt: She broke her journey in London.) abbrechen

7) (to put an end to: He broke the silence.) brechen

8) (to make or become known: They gently broke the news of his death to his wife.) beibringen

9) ((of a boy's voice) to fall in pitch.) brechen

10) (to soften the effect of (a fall, the force of the wind etc).) brechen

11) (to begin: The storm broke before they reached shelter.) losbrechen
2. noun
1) (a pause: a break in the conversation.) die Pause

2) (a change: a break in the weather.) der Umschwung

3) (an opening.) die Lücke

4) (a chance or piece of (good or bad) luck: This is your big break.) der Durchbruch

•

- breakable
3. noun
((usually in plural) something likely to break.) der zerbrechliche Gegenstand

- breakage
- breaker
- breakdown
- break-in
- breakneck
- breakout
- breakthrough
- breakwater
- break away
- break down
- break into
- break in
- break loose
- break off
- break out
- break out in
- break the ice
- break up
- make a break for it
* * *

break

[breɪk]

I. NOUN

1. (fracture) Bruch m; (in glass, pottery) Sprung m; (in rock, wood) Riss m; MED Bruch m

2. (gap) Lücke f; (in rock) Spalt m; (in line) Unterbrechung f

3. (escape) Ausbruch m

to make a \break ausbrechen

4. (interruption) Unterbrechung f, Pause f; esp BRIT SCH (during classes) Pause f; (holiday) Ferien pl

coffee/lunch \break Kaffee-/Mittagspause f

Easter/Christmas \break Oster-/Weihnachtsferien pl

commercial \break TV, RADIO Werbung f

to have [or take] a \break eine Pause machen

we decided to have a short \break in Paris wir beschlossen, einen Kurzurlaub in Paris zu verbringen

to need a \break from sth eine Pause von etw dat brauchen

5. METEO

\break of day Tagesanbruch m

a \break in the weather ( liter) ein Wetterumschwung m

6. (divergence) Bruch m

a \break with family tradition ein Bruch mit der Familientradition

7. (end of relationship) Abbruch m

to make a clean/complete \break einen sauberen/endgültigen Schlussstrich ziehen

to make the \break [from sb/sth] die Beziehung [zu jdm/etw] abbrechen

8. (opportunity) Chance f, Gelegenheit f

she got her main \break as an actress in a Spielberg film sie hatte ihre größte Chance als Schauspielerin in einem Spielbergfilm

9. SPORT (in tennis)

\break [of serve] Break m o nt; (in snooker, billiards) Anstoß m

10. COMM ( fam: sharp fall) plötzlicher und starker Einbruch von Preisen und Kursen

11. COMPUT

\break key Pause-Taste f

12.

▶ give me a \break! ( fam: knock it off!) hör auf [damit]!; (give me a chance) gib mir eine Chance!

II. TRANSITIVE VERB

<broke, broken>

1. (shatter)

▪ to \break sth etw zerbrechen; (in two pieces) etw entzweibrechen; (force open) etw aufbrechen; (damage) etw kaputt machen fam; (fracture) etw brechen

we heard the sound of \breaking glass wir hörten das Geräusch von zerberstendem Glas

to \break an alibi ( fig) ein Alibi entkräften

to \break one's arm sich dat den Arm brechen

to \break one's back [or AM ass] ( fig fam) sich akk abrackern [o abstrampeln] fam

to \break sb's back ( fig) jdm das Kreuz brechen fig

to \break a bottle/a glass eine Flasche/ein Glas zerbrechen

to \break an egg ein Ei aufschlagen

to \break sb's heart ( fig) jdm das Herz brechen geh

to \break a nail/tooth sich dat einen Nagel/Zahn abbrechen

to \break sb's nose jdm die Nase brechen

to \break sth into smithereens etw in [tausend] Stücke schlagen

to \break the sonic [or sound] barrier die Schallmauer durchbrechen

to \break a window ein Fenster einschlagen

2. (momentarily interrupt)

▪ to \break sth etw unterbrechen

I need something to \break the monotony of my typing job ich brauche etwas, das etwas Abwechslung in meine eintönige Schreibarbeit bringt

to \break sb's fall jds Fall abfangen

to \break a circuit ELEC einen Stromkreis unterbrechen

to \break step [or stride] aus dem Gleichschritt kommen; MIL aus dem Schritt fallen

3. (put an end to)

▪ to \break sth etw zerstören

to \break the back of sth BRIT, AUS das Schlimmste einer S. gen hinter sich akk bringen

we can \break the back of this work today if we really try wenn wir uns ernsthaft bemühen, können wir diese Arbeit heute zum größten Teil erledigen

to \break camp das Lager abbrechen

to \break a deadlock einen toten Punkt überwinden, etw wieder in Gang bringen

to \break a habit eine Gewohnheit aufgeben

to \break sb of a habit jdm eine Angewohnheit abgewöhnen

to \break an impasse [or a stalemate] aus einer Sackgasse herauskommen

to \break a romantic mood eine romantische Stimmung kaputt machen fam

to \break the peace/a record/the silence den Frieden/einen Rekord/das Schweigen brechen

to \break a spell einen Bann brechen

to \break sb's spirit jdn mutlos machen

to \break a strike einen Streik brechen

to \break the suspense [or tension] die Spannung lösen

4. SPORT

to \break a tie in Führung gehen, einen Führungstreffer erzielen

▪ to \break sb TENNIS jdm das Aufschlagspiel abnehmen

5. (violate)

▪ to \break sth etw brechen

to \break an agreement eine Vereinbarung verletzen

to \break a date eine Verabredung nicht einhalten

to \break a/the law ein/das Gesetz übertreten

to \break a treaty gegen einen Vertrag verstoßen

to \break one's word sein Wort brechen

6. (forcefully end)

▪ to \break sth etw durchbrechen

to \break sb's hold sich akk aus jds Griff befreien

7. (decipher)

to \break a cipher/a code eine Geheimschrift/einen Code entschlüsseln

8. (make public)

▪ to \break sth etw bekanntgeben; JOURN etw veröffentlichen

▪ to \break sth to sb jdm etw mitteilen [o sagen]

\break it to me gently! ( hum) bring's mir schonend bei!

how will we ever \break it to her? wie sollen wir es ihr nur sagen?

to \break the news to sb jdm die Nachricht beibringen

9. (separate into parts)

▪ to \break sth etw auseinanderreißen

to \break bread REL das [heilige] Abendmahl empfangen

to \break bread [with sb] ( dated liter) [mit jdm] das Brot brechen veraltet [o sein Brot teilen]

to \break a collection [or set] eine Sammlung auseinanderreißen

10. (make change for)

to \break a note [or AM bill] einen Geldschein wechseln [o fam kleinmachen

11. (crush spirit)

▪ to \break sb jdn brechen [o fam kleinkriegen]

her spirit had been broken by the regime in the home das in dem Heim herrschende System hatte sie seelisch gebrochen

▪ to \break an animal (tame) ein Tier zähmen; (train) ein Tier abrichten

to \break sb's will jds Willen brechen

12. (leave)

to \break cover MIL aus der Deckung hervorbrechen; (from hiding place) aus dem Versteck herauskommen

to \break formation MIL aus der Aufstellung heraustreten

to \break rank MIL aus dem Glied treten

to \break rank[s] ( fig) die eigenen Reihen verraten

to \break ship sich akk beim Landgang absetzen

13. (open up)

to \break ground den ersten Spatenstich machen

to \break fresh [or new] ground ( fig) Neuland [o neue Gebiete] erschließen

14.

▶ to \break the bank ( hum) die Bank sprengen

▶ to \break the ice ( fam) das Eis brechen

▶ \break a leg! ( fam) Hals- und Beinbruch! fam

▶ you can't make an omelette without \breaking eggs ( saying) wo gehobelt wird, da fallen Späne prov

▶ to \break the mould innovativ sein

▶ sticks and stones may \break my bones [but names will never hurt me] ( saying) Beschimpfungen können mir nichts anhaben

▶ to \break wind einen fahrenlassen fam

III. INTRANSITIVE VERB

<broke, broken>

1. (shatter) zerbrechen; (stop working) kaputtgehen fam; (fall apart) auseinanderbrechen

2. (interrupt) Pause machen

shall we \break [off] for lunch? machen wir Mittagspause?

3. wave sich akk brechen

a wave broke over the boat eine Welle brach über dem Boot zusammen

4. (change in voice)

her voice was \breaking with emotion vor Rührung versagte ihr die Stimme

the boy's voice is \breaking der Junge ist [gerade] im Stimmbruch

5. METEO weather umschlagen; dawn, day anbrechen; storm losbrechen

6. (collapse under strain) zusammenbrechen

7. (become public) news, scandal bekannt werden, publikwerden, ans Licht kommen

8. (in billiards, snooker) anstoßen

9. BOXING sich akk trennen

10. (move out of formation) clouds aufreißen; crowd sich akk teilen; MIL, SPORT sich akk auflösen

11. MED [auf]platzen

the waters have broken die Fruchtblase ist geplatzt

12.

▶ to \break even kostendeckend arbeiten

▶ to \break free ausbrechen, sich akk befreien

▶ to \break loose sich akk losreißen

▶ it's make or \break! es geht um alles oder nichts!

* * *
[breɪk] vb: pret broke, ptp broken
1. NOUN

1) = fracture in bone, pipe Bruch m; (GRAM, TYP = word break) (Silben)trennung f

... he said with a break in his voice —... sagte er mit stockender Stimme

break in the circuit (Elec) — Stromkreisunterbrechung f

2) = gap Lücke f; (in rock) Spalte f, Riss m; (in drawn line) Unterbrechung f

row upon row of houses without a break — Häuserzeile auf Häuserzeile, ohne Lücke or lückenlos

3) = pause ALSO BRIT SCH Pause f; (in journey) Pause f, Unterbrechung f

without a break — ohne Unterbrechung or Pause, ununterbrochen

to take or have a break — (eine) Pause machen

at break (Sch) — in der Pause

after the break (Rad, TV) — nach der Pause

give me a break! ( inf, expressing annoyance ) — nun mach mal halblang! (inf)

4) = end of relations Bruch m

5) = change Abwechslung f

break in the weather — Wetterumschwung m

6) = respite Erholung f

the playgroup gives parents a break — die Spielgruppe verschafft den Eltern etwas Erholung

7) = holiday Urlaub m

I'm looking forward to a good break — ich freue mich auf einen schönen Urlaub

8)

at break of day — bei Tagesanbruch

9) = escape inf Ausbruch m

they made a break for it — sie versuchten zu entkommen

10) = opportunity inf

to have a good/bad break — Glück or Schwein (inf) nt/Pech nt haben

we had a few lucky breaks — wir haben ein paar Mal Glück or Schwein (inf) gehabt

she had her first big break in a Broadway play — sie bekam ihre erste große Chance in einem Broadwaystück

11) BILLIARDS Break nt or m, Serie f

2. TRANSITIVE VERB

1) in pieces = fracture bone sich (dat) brechen; stick zerbrechen; (= smash) kaputt schlagen, kaputt machen; glass, cup zerbrechen; window einschlagen; egg aufbrechen

to break sth from sth — etw von etw abbrechen

to break one's leg — sich (dat) das Bein brechen

break a leg! ( US : inf ) — Hals- und Beinbruch!

2) = make unusable toy, chair kaputt machen

3) = violate promise, treaty, vow brechen; law, rule, commandment verletzen; appointment nicht einhalten

to break bail — die Haftverschonung brechen

4) = interrupt journey, silence, fast unterbrechen; spell brechen; monotony, routine unterbrechen, auflockern

to break a holiday short (Brit) — einen Urlaub abbrechen

to break a habit — mit einer Gewohnheit brechen, sich (dat) etw abgewöhnen

he couldn't break the habit of smoking — er konnte sich das Rauchen nicht abgewöhnen

to break sb of a habit — jdm etw abgewöhnen

5) = penetrate skin ritzen; surface, shell durchbrechen

his skin is bruised but not broken —

to break surface ( submarine fig ) —, fig ) auftauchen

6) = surpass record brechen; sound barrier durchbrechen

7) = open up → ground

8) = tame horse zureiten; person brechen

9) = destroy person kleinkriegen (inf), mürbemachen; resistance, strike brechen; code entziffern; (TENNIS) serve durchbrechen

his spirit was broken by the spell in solitary confinement —

this betrayal nearly broke him — dieser Verrat hätte ihn fast zum Wahnsinn getrieben

to break sb ( financially) —

to break the bank (Gambling) — die Bank sprengen

37p, well that won't exactly break the bank — 37 Pence, na, davon gehe ich/gehen wir noch nicht bankrott

his service was broken (Tennis) — er hat das Aufschlagspiel abgegeben

10) = soften fall dämpfen, abfangen

the wall breaks the force of the wind — der Wind bricht sich an der Mauer

11) = get out of jail, one's bonds ausbrechen aus

to break step (Mil) — aus dem Schritt fallen

12) = disclose news mitteilen

how can I break it to her? — wie soll ich es ihr sagen?

3. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1) in pieces = snap twig, bone brechen; (rope) zerreißen; (= smash, window) kaputtgehen; (cup, glass) zerbrechen

breaking strain — Belastbarkeit f

2) = become useless watch, toy, chair kaputtgehen

3)

= become detached to break from sth — von etw abbrechen

4) = pause (eine) Pause machen, unterbrechen

to break for lunch — Mittagspause machen

5) = change weather, luck umschlagen

6) = disperse clouds aufreißen; (crowd) sich teilen

7) = give way health leiden, Schaden nehmen; (stamina) gebrochen werden; under interrogation etc zusammenbrechen

his spirit broke — sein Mut verließ ihn

8) wave sich brechen

9) day, dawn anbrechen; (suddenly storm) losbrechen

10) voice with emotion brechen

his voice is beginning to break (boy) — er kommt in den Stimmbruch

11) = become known story, news, scandal bekannt werden, an den Tag or ans Licht kommen

the news broke on Wall Street yesterday — gestern platzte diese Nachricht in der Wall Street

12) = escape from jail ausbrechen (from aus) → loose

13)

company to break even — seine (Un)kosten decken

14) BILLIARDS anstoßen

15)

ball to break to the right/left — nach rechts/links wegspringen

16) = let go (BOXING ETC) sich trennen

break! — break!

17) = end relations brechen

4. PHRASAL VERBS

* * *

break¹ [breık]

A s

1. (Ab-, Zer-, Durch-, Entzwei)Brechen n, Bruch m

2. Bruch (-stelle f) m, Durchbruch m, Riss m, Spalt m, Bresche f, Öffnung f, Zwischenraum m, Lücke f (auch fig)

3. fig Bruch m (from, with mit; between zwischen dat):

a break with tradition;

she made a break from her family sie brach mit ihrer Familie; → clean A 15

4. (Wald)Lichtung f

5. a) Pause f (Br auch SCHULE), Unterbrechung f ( auch ELEK):

before (after) the break SPORT vor (nach) der Pause, vor (nach) dem Seitenwechsel;

without a break ununterbrochen;

have ( oder take) a break (eine) Pause machen;

take a break for a cigarette eine Zigarettenpause machen

b) RADIO, TV Werbeunterbrechung f:

we’ll be back again right after the break gleich nach der Werbung geht es weiter

c) Kurzurlaub m:

have ( oder take) a weekend break übers Wochenende verreisen

6. fig, auch LIT Zäsur f, Einschnitt m

7. Ausbruch m (eines Gefangenen), Fluchtversuch m:

make a break for it ( oder for freedom) das Weite suchen, flüchten;

they made a break for the door sie stürzten zur Tür

8. (plötzlicher) Wechsel, Umschwung m:

break in the weather Wetterumschlag m;

at break of day bei Tagesanbruch

9. SPORT Konter m

10. WIRTSCH Preis-, Kurssturz m, Kurseinbruch m

11. MUS

a) Registerwechsel m

b) Jazz: Break m/n (kurzes Zwischensolo)

12. MUS

a) Versagen n (im Ton)

b) Versager m (Ton)

13. Richtungswechsel m

14. Billard:

a) Serie f

b) Abweichen n (des Balles)

15. Boxen: Trennkommando n

16. Pferderennen: Start m

17. umg

a) a bad break Pech n;

a lucky break Dusel m, Schwein n (beide umg)

b) (faire) Chance f:

give sb a break

18. auch break of serve (Tennis) Break m/n (Spielgewinn bei gegnerischem Aufschlag):

he had a break er schaffte ein(en) Break, ihm gelang ein Break

B v/t prät broke [brəʊk], obs brake [breık], pperf broken [ˈbrəʊkən]

1. ab-, auf-, durchbrechen, (er-, zer)brechen:

break open eine Tür etc aufbrechen;

break one’s arm sich den Arm brechen;

break sb’s head jemandem den Schädel einschlagen;

break a glass ein Glas zerbrechen;

break jail aus dem Gefängnis ausbrechen;

break a leg, John! umg besonders THEAT Hals- und Beinbruch!;

break a record fig einen Rekord brechen;

break a seal ein Siegel erbrechen;

break sb’s service, break sb (Tennis) jemandem den Aufschlag abnehmen, jemanden breaken;

he broke service (Tennis) er schaffte ein(en) Break, ihm gelang ein Break; → ass², back¹ A 1, balls A, heart Bes Redew, neck A 2

2. zerreißen, -schlagen, -trümmern, kaputt machen umg

3. PHYS Licht, Strahlen, weitS. Wellen, Wind brechen, einen Stoß oder Fall abfangen, dämpfen, auch fig abschwächen

4. ab-, unterbrechen, trennen, aufheben, sprengen:

break company

a) auseinandergehen,

b) sich wegstehlen;

break a journey eine Reise unterbrechen;

break one’s silence sein Schweigen brechen;

a cry broke the silence ein Schrei zerriss die Stille;

break a set

a) einen Satz (z. B. Gläser durch Zerbrechen eines einzelnen Teiles) unvollständig machen,

b) einen Satz (z. B. Briefmarken) auseinanderreißen;

break a siege eine Belagerung aufheben; → blockade A 1, camp¹ A 1, fast³ B 1, ice¹ A 1

5. ELEK

a) einen Stromkreis oder Kontakt unterbrechen, einen Kontakt öffnen

b) ab-, ausschalten

6. aufgeben, ablegen:

break a custom mit einer Tradition oder Gewohnheit brechen;

break sb of sth jemandem etwas abgewöhnen; → habit 1

7. a) eine Speise, eine Ware, einen Geldschein anbrechen: → bottle¹ A 1, bread Bes Redew

b) einen Geldschein kleinmachen umg (wechseln)

8. fig jemandes Macht, Willen etc brechen, jemanden zerbrechen, jemandem das Rückgrat brechen:

break sb’s resistance jemandes Widerstand brechen;

break sb’s spirits jemandes Lebensmut brechen

9. a) Tiere zähmen, abrichten, ein Pferd zureiten, einfahren, auch jemanden gewöhnen (to an akk):

break a horse to harness (to rein) ein Pferd einfahren (zureiten)

b) ein Auto etc einfahren, neue Schuhe einlaufen, austreten

c) jemanden einarbeiten, anlernen

10. das Gesetz, einen Vertrag, sein Versprechen etc brechen, eine Regel verletzen, eine Vorschrift übertreten, verstoßen gegen, ein Tempolimit überschreiten:

rules are made to be broken Vorschriften sind dazu da, um übertreten zu werden

11. fig vernichten, (auch finanziell) ruinieren oder zugrunde richten, eine Ehe etc zerrütten:

break a will JUR ein Testament (durch gerichtliches Verfahren) aufheben; → bank¹ A 3

12. MIL

a) entlassen

b) degradieren

13. eröffnen, kundtun:

break the bad news gently to sb jemandem die schlechte Nachricht schonend beibringen

14. US umg eine Unternehmung starten

15. HIST foltern, auf der oder die Folter strecken: → wheel A 6

16. a) einen Code etc knacken umg, entschlüsseln

b) einen Fall lösen, aufklären

17. break (the) ground AGR ein Brachfeld umbrechen, -pflügen; → ground¹ A 1

18. MUS

a) einen Akkord brechen

b) Notenwerte zerlegen

C v/i

1. brechen:

break into

a) in ein Haus etc einbrechen,

b) allg und fig eindringen oder einbrechen in (akk):

break into the best social circles; → preserve B 2 b,

c) etwas unterbrechen, hineinplatzen in (akk),

d) fig ausbrechen in (akk):

he broke into laughter; → applause 1,

e) → B 7 a;

break through eine Absperrung etc durchbrechen;

break with mit jemandem, einer Tradition etc brechen; → loose A 1

2. (zer)brechen, zerspringen, -reißen, (-)platzen, entzweigehen, kaputtgehen umg:

the rope broke das Seil riss;

break open aufspringen, -platzen

3. unterbrochen werden

4. (plötzlich) auftauchen (Fisch, U-Boot)

5. sich (zer)teilen (Wolken)

6. zersprengt werden, in Unordnung geraten, weichen (Truppen), sich auflösen (Heer)

7. MED aufbrechen, -gehen (Abszess), aufplatzen (Zyste), platzen, aufspringen (Haut)

8. fig brechen (Herz, Widerstand etc)

9. nachlassen, abnehmen, gebrochen oder zerrüttet werden, verfallen (Geist oder Gesundheit), (auch seelisch) zusammenbrechen

10. umschlagen, mutieren (Stimme):

his voice broke

a) er befand sich im Stimmbruch, er mutierte,

b) ihm brach die Stimme ( with vor Rührung etc)

11. SPORT die Gangart wechseln (Pferd)

12. Tennis: breaken

13. sich brechen, branden (Wellen)

14. brechen (Eis)

15. umschlagen (Wetter)

16. anbrechen (Tag)

17. los-, ausbrechen ( over über dat):

the storm broke der Sturm brach los

18. eröffnet werden, bekannt gegeben werden (Nachricht)

19. WIRTSCH plötzlich im Preis oder Kurs fallen (Ware, Wertpapier)

20. WIRTSCH ruiniert werden, Bankrott machen oder bankrottgehen, fallieren

21. Boxen: sich trennen:

break! break!

22. rennen, hasten:

break for cover hastig in Deckung gehen

23. Pferderennen: starten

24. eine Pause machen:

break for lunch (eine) Mittagspause machen

25. besonders US umg sich entwickeln:

things are breaking well

break² [breık] s

1. Break m/n (Art Kremser mit zwei Längssitzen)

2. Wagen zum Einfahren von Pferden

* * *
1. transitive verb,
broke, broken

1) brechen; (so as to damage) zerbrechen; kaputtmachen (ugs.); aufschlagen [Ei zum Kochen]; zerreißen [Seil]; (fig.): (interrupt) unterbrechen; brechen [Bann, Zauber, Schweigen]

break something in two/in pieces — etwas in zwei Teile/in Stücke brechen

the TV/my watch is broken — der Fernseher/meine Uhr ist kaputt (ugs.)

2) (fracture) sich (Dat.) brechen; (pierce) verletzen [Haut]

he broke his leg — er hat sich (Dat.) das Bein gebrochen

break one's/somebody's back — (fig.) sich/jemanden kaputtmachen (ugs.)

break the back of something — (fig.) bei etwas das Schwerste hinter sich bringen

break open — aufbrechen

3) (violate) brechen [Vertrag, Versprechen]; verletzen, verstoßen gegen [Regel, Tradition]; nicht einhalten [Verabredung]; überschreiten [Grenze]

break the law — gegen das Gesetz verstoßen

4) (destroy) zerstören, ruinieren [Freundschaft, Ehe]

5) (surpass) brechen [Rekord]

6) (abscond from)

break jail — [aus dem Gefängnis] ausbrechen

7) (weaken) brechen, beugen [Stolz]; zusammenbrechen lassen [Streik]

break somebody's heart — jemandem das Herz brechen

break somebody — (crush) jemanden fertig machen (ugs.)

break the habit — es sich (Dat.) abgewöhnen; see also make 1. 15)

8) (cushion) auffangen [Schlag, jemandes Fall]

9) (make bankrupt) ruinieren

break the bank — die Bank sprengen

it won't break the bank — (fig. coll.) es kostet kein Vermögen

10) (reveal)

break the news that... — melden, dass...

11) (solve) entschlüsseln, entziffern [Kode, Geheimschrift]

12) (Tennis)

break service/somebody's service — den Aufschlag des Gegners/jemandes Aufschlag durchbrechen. See also broken 2.
2. intransitive verb,
broke, broken

1) kaputtgehen (ugs.); entzweigehen; [Faden, Seil:] [zer]reißen; [Glas, Tasse, Teller:] zerbrechen; [Eis:] brechen

somebody's heart is breaking — jemandem bricht das Herz

break in two/in pieces — entzweibrechen

2) (crack) [Fenster-, Glasscheibe:] zerspringen

my back was nearly breaking — ich brach mir fast das Kreuz

3) (sever links)

break with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas brechen

4)

break into — einbrechen in (+ Akk.) [Haus]; aufbrechen [Safe]

he broke into a sweat — ihm brach der Schweiß aus

break into a trot/run — etc. zu traben/laufen usw. anfangen

break into a banknote — eine Banknote anbrechen

break out of prison — etc. aus dem Gefängnis usw. ausbrechen

5)

break free or loose [from somebody/somebody's grip] — sich [von jemandem/aus jemandes Griff] losreißen

break free/loose [from prison] — [aus dem Gefängnis] ausbrechen

6) [Welle:] sich brechen (on/against an + Dat.)

7) [Wetter:] umschlagen

8) [Wolkendecke:] aufreißen

9) [Tag:] anbrechen

10) [Sturm:] losbrechen

11)

somebody's voice is breaking — jemand kommt in den Stimmbruch; (with emotion) jemandem bricht die Stimme

12) (have interval)

break for coffee/lunch — [eine] Kaffee-/Mittagspause machen

13) (become public) bekannt werden
3. noun
1) Bruch, der; (of rope) Reißen, das

break [of service] — (Tennis) Break, der od. das

a break with somebody/something — ein Bruch mit jemandem/etwas

break of day — Tagesanbruch, der

2) (gap) Lücke, die; (Electr.): (in circuit) Unterbrechung, die

3) (sudden dash)

they made a sudden break [for it] — sie stürmten plötzlich davon

4) (interruption) Unterbrechung, die

5) (pause, holiday) Pause, die

during the commercial breaks on TV — während der Werbespots im Fernsehen

take or have a break — [eine] Pause machen

6) (coll.): (fair chance, piece of luck) Chance, die

lucky break — große Chance

that was a bad break for him — das war Pech für ihn

Phrasal Verbs:

- break away

- break down

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break out of

- break through

- break up

* * *

(printing) n.

Absatz -¨e (Buchdruck) m. n.

Arbeitspause f.

Bruch ¨-e m.

Lücke -n f.

Pause -n (Schule) f.

Pause -n (Sport) f.

Pause -n f.

Rast -en f.

Umbruch -¨e (von Gefäß) m.

Unterbrechung f. (up) with someone expr.

jemandem die Freundschaft aufkündigen ausdr. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: broke, broken)

= abbrechen v.

aufheben v.

stoppen v.

unterbrechen v.

zersplittern v.

English-german dictionary > break
9 break

breik
1. past tense - broke; verb
1) (to divide into two or more parts (by force).) romper, quebrar

2) ((usually with off/away) to separate (a part) from the whole (by force).) partir

3) (to make or become unusable.) romper

4) (to go against, or not act according to (the law etc): He broke his appointment at the last minute.) quebrantar, infringir; cancelar

5) (to do better than (a sporting etc record).) batir

6) (to interrupt: She broke her journey in London.) interrumpir

7) (to put an end to: He broke the silence.) romper

8) (to make or become known: They gently broke the news of his death to his wife.) anunciar, comunicar, hacer público

9) ((of a boy's voice) to fall in pitch.) mudar, cambiar

10) (to soften the effect of (a fall, the force of the wind etc).) amortiguar

11) (to begin: The storm broke before they reached shelter.) romper, estallar, desatarse

2. noun
1) (a pause: a break in the conversation.) interrupción, pausa

2) (a change: a break in the weather.) cambio

3) (an opening.) abertura, grieta

4) (a chance or piece of (good or bad) luck: This is your big break.) oportunidad

•

- breakable

3. noun
((usually in plural) something likely to break.) objeto frágil

- breakage
- breaker
- breakdown
- break-in
- breakneck
- breakout
- breakthrough
- breakwater
- break away
- break down
- break into
- break in
- break loose
- break off
- break out
- break out in
- break the ice
- break up
- make a break for it

break¹ n

1. descanso / pausa / recreo

what about a short break? ¿qué os parece una pausa?

2. vacaciones (cortas)

I need a break necesito unas vacaciones

3. ruptura

the break with her husband was difficult la ruptura con su marido fue difícil

4. fractura / rotura

it was a bad break and he had to go into hospital era una rotura grave y tuvieron que ingresarlo

break² vb

1. romper / romperse

he dropped the cup and it broke se le cayó la taza y se rompió

she broke her leg se rompió la pierna

2. partir

I broke the loaf of bread in half partí la barra de pan por la mitad

3. batir

she broke the world record batió el récord mundial

4. faltar a / no cumplir

you broke your promise faltaste a tu palabra

5. infringir

that is breaking the law eso es infringir la ley

El pasado de break es broke y el participio pasado es broken

break

tr[breɪk]

noun

1 (in leg etc) rotura

2 (in relationship) ruptura

3 (in meeting) descanso, pausa; (in broadcast) interrupción nombre femenino; (at school) recreo

4 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (billiards, snooker) tacada

5 SMALLMETEOROLOGY/SMALL (in clouds) claro; (in weather) cambio

6 (chance) oportunidad nombre femenino

7 (on stock exchange) baja

8 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (tennis) break nombre masculino

9 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL (jazz) break nombre masculino

10 (in voice) gallo

transitive verb (pt broke tr[brəʊk], pp broken tr['brəʊkən])

1 romper

2 (record) batir

3 (promise, word) faltar a

4 (law, contract) violar, infringir

5 (news) comunicar

6 (code) descifrar

7 (mystery, case) resolver

8 (fall) amortiguar

9 (journey) interrumpir

10 (tame) domar

11 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL (circuit) cortar, interrumpir

intransitive verb

1 romperse

2 (storm) estallar

3 (stock exchange) bajar

4 (meeting, session) parar

5 (disperse) dispersarse

6 (voice) cambiar

7 (health) quebrantarse

8 (spot, abcess) reventar

9 (waves) romper, reventar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to break cover salir al descubierto

to break even salir sin ganar ni perder

to break free evadirse

to break ground figurative use abrirse un nuevo camino

to break somebody's heart partir el corazón a alguien

to break into song ponerse a cantar

to break it off terminar una relación

to break the ice figurative use romper el hielo

to break one's neck (in fall etc) desnucarse 2 (make a great effort) matarse

to break one's word no cumplir su palabra

to break open abrir forzando

to break out in spots salirle a uno granos

to break ranks SMALLMILITARY/SMALL romper filas

to break somebody's neck figurative use (assault) romperle el hocico a alguien

to break the back of a job haber hecho la parte más difícil de un trabajo

to break the bank hacer quebrar la banca

to break a strike romper una huelga

to break something to pieces hacer algo añicos

to give somebody a break dar una oportunidad a alguien

to make a break for it intentar fugarse

it's make or break time es la hora de la verdad

to take a break tomarse una pausa, tomarse un descanso

break it up! (in fight) ¡basta ya!

without a break sin descansar, sin parar

at break of day al amanecer

break ['breɪk] v, broke ['bro:k] ; broken ['bro:kə n] ; breaking vt

1) smash: romper, quebrar

2) violate: infringir, violar, romper

3) surpass: batir, superar

4) crush, ruin: arruinar, deshacer, destrozar

to break one's spirit: quebrantar su espíritu

5) : dar, comunicar

to break the news: dar las noticias

6) interrupt: cortar, interrumpir

break vi

1) : romperse, quebrarse

my calculator broke: se me rompió la calculadora

2) disperse: dispersarse, despejarse

3) : estallar (dícese de una tormenta), romper (dícese del día)

4) change: cambiar (dícese del tiempo o de la voz)

5) decrease: bajar

my fever broke: me bajó la fiebre

6) : divulgarse, revelarse

the news broke: la noticia se divulgó

7)

to break into : forzar, abrir

8)

to break out of : escaparse de

9)

to break through : penetrar

break n

1) : ruptura f, rotura f, fractura f (de un hueso), claro m (entre las nubes), cambio m (del tiempo)

2) chance: oportunidad f

a lucky break: un golpe de suerte

3) rest: descanso m

to take a break: tomar(se) un descanso

break (Aside, Theater)

n.

• aparte s.m. (Clearing)

n.

• claro s.m. (Communications)

n.

• pausa s.f.

• punto s.m.

n.

• abertura s.f.

• quebrantamiento s.m.

• quiebra s.f.

• rompimiento s.m.

• rotura s.f.

• ruptura s.f.

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: broke, broken) = arruinar v.

• cascar v.

• deshacer v.

(§pres: -hago, -haces...) pret: -hic-

pp: -hecho

fut/c: -har-•)

• despedazar v.

• desvencijar v.

• domar v.

• estropear v.

• interrumpir (Teléfono) v.

• parar v.

• partir v.

• quebrantar v.

• quebrar v.

• romper v.

• trincar v.

I
1. breɪk
(past broke; past p broken) transitive verb

1) \<\<window/plate\>\> romper*; \<\<stick\>\> partir, romper*, quebrar* (AmL)

I've broken my pencil — se me ha roto la punta del lápiz

he broke his wrist — se rompió la muñeca

she broke the chocolate into four pieces — partió el chocolate en cuatro trozos

2) ( render useless) \<\<machine\>\> romper*, descomponer* (AmL)

3) ( violate) \<\<rule\>\> infringir*, violar; \<\<promise\>\> no cumplir, faltar a; \<\<contract\>\> incumplir, romper*; \<\<strike\>\> romper*; law 1) b), word I 3)

4) ( end) \<\<strike\>\> poner* fin a; \<\<drug ring\>\> desarticular; \<\<impasse\>\> salir* de; \<\<habit\>\> dejar

5)

a) ( ruin) \<\<person/company\>\> arruinar a

b) ( crush) \<\<person\>\> destrozar*, deshacer*; heart 2), spirit I 3), will II 1) b)

6) ( impart)

to break something (to somebody): Sue broke the news to him Sue le dio la noticia; they broke it to her gently — se lo dijeron con mucho tacto

7) ( exceed) \<\<record\>\> batir

8)

a) ( interrupt) \<\<circuit\>\> cortar; \<\<fast/silence\>\> romper*

b) ( disrupt) \<\<pattern/monotony\>\> romper*

9) (breach, pierce) \<\<soil\>\> roturar

I haven't broken the skin — no me he abierto la piel

10)

a) ( get into) \<\<safe\>\> forzar*

we broke the toolbox open — abrimos la caja de herramientas forzándola

b) ( escape from) (AmE) \<\<jail\>\> escaparse or fugarse* de

c) ( decipher) \<\<code\>\> descifrar

11) ( tame) \<\<horse\>\> domar

2.

break vi

1)

a) \<\<window/plate\>\> romperse*; \<\<stick\>\> partirse, romperse*, quebrarse* (AmL)

my watch broke — se me rompió el reloj

b) ( separate)

a splinter group which broke from the party — un grupo disidente que se escindió del partido; loose I 2)

2) ( give in) \<\<resistance\>\> desmoronarse, venirse* abajo

she broke under constant interrogation — no resistió el constante interrogatorio

3)

a) ( begin) \<\<storm\>\> estallar; \<\<day\>\> romper*, apuntar, despuntar

b) ( change) \<\<weather\>\> cambiar

his voice is breaking — le está cambiando or mudando la voz

his voice broke — ( with emotion) se le entrecortó la voz

c) ( become known) \<\<story\>\> hacerse* público

4) \<\<wave/surf\>\> romper*

5) ( adjourn) parar, hacer* una pausa

to break for lunch — parar para almorzar

6) ( happen) (AmE colloq)

things are breaking well for me — me están saliendo bien las cosas; even II 2)

7) (in snooker, pool) abrir* el juego

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- break away

- break down

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break through

- break up

- break with

II

noun

1)

a) (Rad, TV) pausa f (comercial); ( Theat) entreacto m, intermedio m

b) ( rest period) descanso m; ( at school) (BrE) recreo m

we have a coffee break at 11 — a las 11 paramos para tomar un café

we worked without a break — trabajamos sin parar or descansar

c) ( short vacation) vacaciones fpl

d) (change, respite) cambio m

I need a break from all this — necesito descansar de todo esto; ( a holiday) necesito un cambio de aires

give me a break! — (colloq) déjame en paz!, no me embromes! (AmL fam)

2)

a) ( gap) interrupción f

b) ( in circuit) ruptura f, corte m

3) ( fracture) fractura f, rotura f

4) (chance, opportunity) (colloq) oportunidad f

he got a break — se le presentó una oportunidad

5) (separation, rift) ruptura f

to make a clean break — cortar por lo sano

he made a break with his past life — rompió or cortó con su pasado

6) ( sudden move)

he made a break for the door — corrió hacia la puerta

7) ( escape) fuga f, evasión f (frml)

8) (in snooker, pool) tacada f, serie f; ( in tennis) ruptura f, quiebre m

9) ( beginning) (liter)

at (the) break of day — al rayar el alba (liter)

10) ( discount) (AmE colloq) descuento m

[breɪk] (vb: pt broke) (pp broken)
1. N

1) (=fracture) rotura f ; (in bone) fractura f ; (fig) (in relationship) ruptura f

to make a break with — romper con

2) (=gap) (in wall etc) abertura f, brecha f ; (=crack) grieta f ; (Typ) (on paper etc) espacio m, blanco m ; (Elec) (in circuit) corte m

• a break in the clouds — un claro entre las nubes

3) (=pause) (in conversation) interrupción f, pausa f ; (in journey) descanso m, pausa f ; (=stop) parada f ; (=holiday) vacaciones fpl ; (=rest) descanso m ; (=tea break) descanso m para tomar el té, once(s) f(pl) (LAm); (Brit) (Scol) recreo m

• a break in continuity — una solución de continuidad

• give me a break! — ¡dame un respiro!; (impatient) ¡déjame, anda!

• to have or take a break — descansar, tomarse un descanso

to take a weekend break — hacer una escapada de fin de semana

• with a break in her voice — con la voz entrecortada

• a break in the weather — un cambio del tiempo

• without a break — sin descanso or descansar

4) * (=chance) oportunidad f

• to give sb a break — dar una oportunidad a algn

• lucky break — golpe m de suerte, racha f de buena suerte

5) (=break-out) fuga f

• to make a break for it * — tratar de fugarse

6)

• at break of day — liter al amanecer

7) (Tennis) ruptura f

• two breaks of service — dos servicios rotos

8) (Billiards, Snooker) tacada f, serie f

9) (=vehicle) break m, volanta f (LAm)

2. VT

1) (=smash) [+ glass etc] romper; [+ branch, stick] romper, quebrar (LAm); [+ ground] roturar; [+ code] descifrar; [+ conspiracy] deshacer; [+ drugs ring etc] desarticular

• to break one's back — romperse la columna

I'm not going to break my back to finish it today — no me voy a matar para terminarlo hoy

• to break sb's heart — romper or partir el corazón a algn

• to break one's leg — romperse la pierna

break a leg! * — (Theat) ¡buena suerte!

• to break surface — [submarine, diver] emerger, salir a la superficie

- break the ice
spirit 1., 3)
2) (=surpass) [+ record] batir, superar

3) (=fail to observe) [+ law, rule] violar, quebrantar; [+ appointment] no acudir a

he broke his word/promise — faltó a su palabra/promesa

to break a date — faltar a una cita

4) (=weaken, destroy) [+ resistance, spirits] quebrantar, quebrar (LAm); [+ health] quebrantar; [+ strike] romper, quebrar (LAm); [+ habit] perder; [+ horse] domar, amansar; [+ bank] (in gambling) quebrar, hacer quebrar; [+ person] (financially) arruinar; (morally) abatir, vencer

• to break sb of a habit — quitar una costumbre a algn

5) (=interrupt) [+ silence, spell] romper; [+ journey] interrumpir; [+ electrical circuit] cortar, interrumpir

6) (=soften) [+ force] mitigar, contener; [+ impact, fall] amortiguar

7) (=disclose) [+ news] comunicar (to a)

8) (=leave)

• to break camp — levantar el campamento

• to break cover — salir al descubierto

• to break ranks — romper filas

9)

• to break sb's serve or service — (Tennis) romper el servicio de algn

10) (Naut) [+ flag] desplegar

11) (US)
*
can you break me a 100-dollar bill? — ¿me puede cambiar un billete de 100 dólares?

3. VI

1) (=smash) [window, glass] romperse; (into pieces) hacerse pedazos

2) (=be fractured) [chair] romperse, partirse; [branch, twig] romperse, quebrarse (LAm); [limb] fracturarse; [boil] reventar; (fig) [heart] romperse, partirse

3) (=cease to function) [machine] estropearse

4) (=arrive) [dawn, day] apuntar, rayar; [news] darse a conocer; [story] revelarse; [storm] estallar; [wave] romper

5) (=give way) [health, spirits] quebrantarse; [weather] cambiar; [heat wave] terminar; [boy's voice] mudarse; [singing voice] cascarse; [bank] quebrar

6) (=pause)

• let's break for lunch — vamos a hacer un descanso para comer

7)

• to break free — (from chains, ropes etc) soltarse; (fig) liberarse

• to break loose — desatarse, escaparse; (fig) desencadenarse

8)

• to break even — cubrir los gastos

9) (Boxing) separarse

10) (Billiards, Snooker) abrir el juego

11) (Sport) [ball] torcerse, desviarse

4.

CPD

break dancer N — bailarín(-ina) m / f de break

break dancing N — break m

break point N — (Tennis) punto m de break, punto m de ruptura; (Comput) punto m de interrupción

- break away

- break down

- break forth

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break through

- break up

- break with

* * *

I
1. [breɪk]
(past broke; past p broken) transitive verb

1) \<\<window/plate\>\> romper*; \<\<stick\>\> partir, romper*, quebrar* (AmL)

I've broken my pencil — se me ha roto la punta del lápiz

he broke his wrist — se rompió la muñeca

she broke the chocolate into four pieces — partió el chocolate en cuatro trozos

2) ( render useless) \<\<machine\>\> romper*, descomponer* (AmL)

3) ( violate) \<\<rule\>\> infringir*, violar; \<\<promise\>\> no cumplir, faltar a; \<\<contract\>\> incumplir, romper*; \<\<strike\>\> romper*; law 1) b), word I 3)

4) ( end) \<\<strike\>\> poner* fin a; \<\<drug ring\>\> desarticular; \<\<impasse\>\> salir* de; \<\<habit\>\> dejar

5)

a) ( ruin) \<\<person/company\>\> arruinar a

b) ( crush) \<\<person\>\> destrozar*, deshacer*; heart 2), spirit I 3), will II 1) b)

6) ( impart)

to break something (to somebody): Sue broke the news to him Sue le dio la noticia; they broke it to her gently — se lo dijeron con mucho tacto

7) ( exceed) \<\<record\>\> batir

8)

a) ( interrupt) \<\<circuit\>\> cortar; \<\<fast/silence\>\> romper*

b) ( disrupt) \<\<pattern/monotony\>\> romper*

9) (breach, pierce) \<\<soil\>\> roturar

I haven't broken the skin — no me he abierto la piel

10)

a) ( get into) \<\<safe\>\> forzar*

we broke the toolbox open — abrimos la caja de herramientas forzándola

b) ( escape from) (AmE) \<\<jail\>\> escaparse or fugarse* de

c) ( decipher) \<\<code\>\> descifrar

11) ( tame) \<\<horse\>\> domar

2.

break vi

1)

a) \<\<window/plate\>\> romperse*; \<\<stick\>\> partirse, romperse*, quebrarse* (AmL)

my watch broke — se me rompió el reloj

b) ( separate)

a splinter group which broke from the party — un grupo disidente que se escindió del partido; loose I 2)

2) ( give in) \<\<resistance\>\> desmoronarse, venirse* abajo

she broke under constant interrogation — no resistió el constante interrogatorio

3)

a) ( begin) \<\<storm\>\> estallar; \<\<day\>\> romper*, apuntar, despuntar

b) ( change) \<\<weather\>\> cambiar

his voice is breaking — le está cambiando or mudando la voz

his voice broke — ( with emotion) se le entrecortó la voz

c) ( become known) \<\<story\>\> hacerse* público

4) \<\<wave/surf\>\> romper*

5) ( adjourn) parar, hacer* una pausa

to break for lunch — parar para almorzar

6) ( happen) (AmE colloq)

things are breaking well for me — me están saliendo bien las cosas; even II 2)

7) (in snooker, pool) abrir* el juego

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- break away

- break down

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break through

- break up

- break with

II

noun

1)

a) (Rad, TV) pausa f (comercial); ( Theat) entreacto m, intermedio m

b) ( rest period) descanso m; ( at school) (BrE) recreo m

we have a coffee break at 11 — a las 11 paramos para tomar un café

we worked without a break — trabajamos sin parar or descansar

c) ( short vacation) vacaciones fpl

d) (change, respite) cambio m

I need a break from all this — necesito descansar de todo esto; ( a holiday) necesito un cambio de aires

give me a break! — (colloq) déjame en paz!, no me embromes! (AmL fam)

2)

a) ( gap) interrupción f

b) ( in circuit) ruptura f, corte m

3) ( fracture) fractura f, rotura f

4) (chance, opportunity) (colloq) oportunidad f

he got a break — se le presentó una oportunidad

5) (separation, rift) ruptura f

to make a clean break — cortar por lo sano

he made a break with his past life — rompió or cortó con su pasado

6) ( sudden move)

he made a break for the door — corrió hacia la puerta

7) ( escape) fuga f, evasión f (frml)

8) (in snooker, pool) tacada f, serie f; ( in tennis) ruptura f, quiebre m

9) ( beginning) (liter)

at (the) break of day — al rayar el alba (liter)

10) ( discount) (AmE colloq) descuento m

English-spanish dictionary > break
10 praw|o

Ⅰ n 1. sgt (ogół przepisów) law
- prawo nowożytne modern law

- prawo polskie/francuskie Polish/French law

- reguły a. normy prawa legal norms a. principles

- rządy prawa the rule of law

- zgodnie z prawem in accordance with a. according to the law

- zgodnie z polskim prawem under Polish law

- zgodnie z duchem i literą prawa in accordance with the spirit and the letter of the law

- wbrew prawu against the law, contrary to the law

- stosować się do przepisów prawa to abide by a. obey the law

- złamać prawo to break the law

- być niezgodnym z prawem a. wbrew prawu to be against the law

- uznać przerywanie ciąży za niezgodne z prawem to criminalize abortion

- działać w granicach prawa/niezgodnie z prawem to operate within/outside the law

- stać ponad prawem to be above the law

- wejść w konflikt z prawem to fall foul of a. to come into conflict with the law

- wyjąć kogoś spod prawa Hist. to outlaw sb

- człowiek wyjęty spod prawa Hist. an outlaw

- w imieniu prawa in the name of the law

- w obliczu prawa in the eyes of the law

- w majestacie prawa iron. in all the majesty of the law iron.

- nieznajomość prawa nie zwalnia od odpowiedzialności ignorance of the law is no excuse a. defence, ignorance is no defence

- prawo drakońskie Hist. Draconian law

- drakońskie prawa a. prawo przen. draconian measures
2. (norma prawna, ustawa) law; (zapisana) statute
- zbiór praw a legal code a. code of laws

- system praw a system of law, a legal system

- uchwalać a. stanowić prawa to enact a. make laws

- uchwalić prawo to pass a. adopt a law

- uchylić prawo to revoke a. rescind a law książk.

- naruszyć a. złamać prawo to violate książk. a. break a law

- prawo o spółdzielczości/środkach masowego przekazu a law on the cooperative movement/on the mass media

- nowe prawo wchodzi w życie a. obowiązuje od 1 maja the new law comes into effect on a. applies as of 1 May

- prawo o stowarzyszeniach wygasa a. traci moc 31 grudnia the law on association lapses on a. as of 31 December
3. sgt (nauka) law
- wydział prawa a law faculty

- student/studentka prawa a law student

- studiować prawo to study a. read law

- ukończyć prawo to graduate in law
4. (uprawnienie) right (do czegoś to sth); entitlement książk. (do czegoś to sth); eligibility U (do czegoś for sth)
- prawa człowieka/zwierząt human/animal rights

- działacz/kampania na rzecz obrony praw zwierząt an animal rights activist/campaign

- prawa kobiet women’s rights

- prawa publiczne/obywatelskie public/civil rights

- prawa małżeńskie/rodzicielskie marital/parental rights

- prawa i obowiązki obywatela civil rights and duties

- prawo własności proprietorship, ownership

- prawa spadkowe inheritance rights

- prawa miejskie a (town/city) charter

- nadać/odebrać prawa miejskie to grant/revoke a town/city charter

- uczestniczyć w zebraniu bez prawa głosu to take part in a meeting without the right to vote

- prawo pierwszeństwa przejazdu the right of way

- równe prawa equal rights

- prawo do emerytury pension rights

- prawo do pracy/do strajku the right to work/to strike

- mieć prawo do corocznego urlopu/do emerytury to be entitled to annual leave/to a retirement pension

- mieć prawa do książki to have a. hold the copyright on a. in a. for a book

- mieć prawo do ekranizacji powieści to own the film rights to a novel

- mieć prawo coś zrobić to have the right a. to be entitled to do sth

- ona nie ma prawa tak cię traktować she has no right to treat you like that

- masz pełne prawo odmówić you have every right to refuse

- kto ci dał prawo mnie krytykować? what gives a. who gave you the right to criticize me?

- rościć/zastrzec sobie prawo do czegoś to claim/reserve the right to sth

- nabyć/utracić prawo do czegoś to gain a. acquire/lose the right to sth

- zrzec się prawa do czegoś to relinquish a. renounce one’s right to sth książk.

- przyznać komuś prawo do czegoś to grant sb the right to sth

- odmówić komuś prawa do czegoś to deny sb the right to sth

- pozbawić kogoś prawa wykonywania zawodu to deprive sb of the right to practise their profession, to ban sb from practising a profession

- upominać się o swoje prawa a. dochodzić swoich praw to demand a. claim one’s rights

- jakim prawem? by what right?

- jakim prawem wtrącasz się w moje sprawy? who gave you the right to interfere in my affairs?

- wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone all rights reserved

- wywiad publikowany na prawach wyłączności an exclusive interview

- na równych prawach on equal terms

- ona jest tu na prawach domownika she’s treated here as one of the family

- prawo łaski the prerogative of mercy

- skorzystać z prawa łaski to pardon, to be pardoned
5. Aut. prawo jazdy driving licence GB; driver’s license US
- zdawać/zdać egzamin na prawo jazdy to take/pass one’s driving test

- chodzić na kurs prawa jazdy to take driving lessons
6. (zasada, prawidłowość) law, principle
- prawa naturalne/ekonomiczne/społeczne natural/economic/social laws

- prawa fizyczne/natury the laws of physics/nature

- odkryć/sformułować prawo to formulate a law a. principle

- podlegać prawom materii/przyrody to be subject to the laws of matter/nature
Ⅱ adv. 1. na a. w prawo (w prawą stronę) to the right; (po prawej stronie) on a. to the right
- na prawo od budynku jest sad to the right of the building there’s an orchard

- na prawo jest a. widzicie ratusz to a. on your right is a. you can see the town hall

- iść/skręcić w prawo a. na prawo to go/turn right

- skręć w pierwszą (ulicę) w prawo take the first (street to the) right

- na prawo patrz! Wojsk. eyes right!

- na prawo i (na) lewo (wszędzie) everywhere; right and left and centre pot.

- szastał pieniędzmi na prawo i lewo he was spending money right, left and centre pot.

- puszczała się na prawo i lewo pot. she slept around a lot pot.

- w prawo i w lewo (na wszystkie sposoby) in every possible way
2. pot. (w polityce) pójść na prawo to veer to the right
- zwrot na prawo a turn to the right

- być na prawo od kogoś to be to the right of sb

- być na prawo od centrum to be right of centre
Ⅲ z prawa pot. (po prawej stronie) from the right
- z prawa rozciągały się pola to the right, there were fields

- z prawa i z lewa from all sides
Ⅳ prawo- w wyrazach złożonych 1. (odnoszący się do strony) right- 2. (dotyczący prawa) law-
- □ prawa kardynalne Hist. cardinal laws

- prawo administracyjne administrative law

- prawo autorskie copyright law

- prawo biogenetyczne recapitulation theory; Biol. palingenesis

- prawo bliższości Hist., Prawo (the right of) primogeniture

- prawo budowlane building code

- prawo chełmińskie Hist., Prawo Chełm Law (a charter defining terms under which Polish towns were incorporated, modelled on the Magdeburg Law)

- prawo ciążenia Newtona Fiz. Newton’s law of gravitation

- prawo cywilne civil law

- prawo doraźne Prawo summary justice

- prawo drogowe Prawo the rules of the road, the Highway Code GB

- prawo finansowe a. skarbowe revenue law

- prawo handlowe commercial a. trade law

- prawo kanoniczne a. kościelne canon a. church a. ecclesiastical law

- prawo karne Prawo criminal law

- prawo karne wykonawcze penal law

- prawo karne skarbowe penal revenue law

- prawo lokalowe housing law

- prawo łowieckie game laws

- prawo magdeburskie a. niemieckie Hist., Prawo Magdeburg Law

- miasto na prawie magdeburskim a town chartered according to the Magdeburg law

- prawo mennicze Hist. minting rights

- prawo międzynarodowe international law

- prawo Murphy’ego Murphy’s a. Sod’s pot., żart. Law

- prawo obywatelstwa right of citizenship

- prawo państwowe constitutional law

- prawo Parkinsona Parkinson’s law

- prawo pracy labour legislation, employment legislation

- prawo prasowe press legislation

- prawo probiercze assay law

- prawo procesowe adjective a. procedural law

- prawo rodzinne family law

- prawo rzymskie Roman law

- prawo składowe a. składu Hist. the right of storage

- prawo wartości Ekon. the law of value

- prawo wojenne law of war

- prawo wyborcze electoral a. election law

- bierne prawo wyborcze eligibility to stand for election, right to be elected

- czynne prawo wyborcze voting rights, suffrage, franchise

- powszechne prawo wyborcze universal suffrage a. a universal franchise

- prawo wyborcze dla kobiet women’s suffrage

- prawo zwyczajowe common law, custom

■ psie prawo pot. bounden duty przest.

- wilcze prawo a. prawo dżungli a. pięści the law of the jungle

- albo w prawo, albo w lewo you can’t have your cake and eat it

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > praw|o
11 break

I [breɪk]
nome

1) (fracture) rottura f., frattura f.

2) (crack) spaccatura f., incrinatura f.

3) (gap) (in wall) breccia f.; (in row, line) spazio m. (vuoto); (in circuit, chain) interruzione f.; (in conversation, match) pausa f.; (in performance) intervallo m.

a break in the clouds — uno squarcio fra le nuvole, una schiarita

a break in transmission — un'interruzione delle trasmissioni

4) rad. telev. (anche commercial break) pausa f. pubblicitaria, pubblicità f.

5) (pause) pausa f.; scol. intervallo m., ricreazione f.

to take a break — fare una pausa

I worked for six hours without a break — ho lavorato senza sosta per sei ore

to take o have a break from working smettere di lavorare per un lungo periodo; give us a break! — colloq. dacci tregua!

6) (holiday) vacanze f.pl.

the Christmas break — le vacanze di Natale

7) fig. (departure) rottura f.

a break with the past — un taglio con il passato

it's time to make the break — (from family) è ora di lasciare il nido; (from job) è ora di cambiare

8) (opportunity) colloq. opportunità f.

a big break — una grande occasione

a lucky break — un colpo di fortuna

9) (dawn)

at the break of day — allo spuntar del giorno, all'alba

10) (escape bid)

to make a break for it — (from prison) colloq. tentare la fuga

to make a break for the door — cercare di raggiungere la porta (per scappare)

11) (in tennis) (anche service break) break m.

12) (in snooker, pool)

it's your break — tocca a te cominciare

to make a 50 point break — totalizzare 50 punti di seguito
II 1. [breɪk]
verbo transitivo (pass. broke; p.pass. broken)

1) (damage) rompere [chair, eggs, stick, toy]; rompere, spaccare [plate, window]; spezzare [ rope]

to break a tooth, a bone — rompersi o spezzarsi un dente, un osso

to break one's leg — rompersi una gamba

to break one's neck — rompersi il collo (anche fig.)

2) (rupture) infrangere [ seal]; interrompere [ sentence]

the skin is not broken — la pelle non è offesa

the river broke its banks — il fiume ruppe gli argini

3) (interrupt) [ person] rompere [ silence]; [shout, siren] squarciare [ silence]; interrompere [ circuit]; rompere [monotony, spell]; spezzare, rompere [ties, links]

to break one's silence — rompere il silenzio

we broke our journey in Rome — facemmo una sosta a Roma

4) (disobey) infrangere [law, rule]; non rispettare [embargo, terms]; violare [ treaty]; sospendere [ strike]; rompere, venir meno a [ vow]; mancare a [ appointment]

he broke his word, promise — ha mancato di parola, è venuto meno alla sua promessa

5) (exceed, surpass) oltrepassare, superare [speed limit, bounds]; battere [ record]; superare [ speed barrier]

6) (lessen the impact of) tagliare [ wind]; [ branches] frenare [ fall]; [ hay] attutire [ fall]

7) fig. (destroy) [ troops] soffocare [ rebellion]; spezzare [resistance, will]

to break sb.'s spirit — abbattere il morale di qcn.

to break a habit — liberarsi da un'abitudine

8) (ruin) rovinare [ person]

9) equit. domare [ young horse]

10) (in tennis)

to break sb.'s serve — strappare il servizio a qcn

11) (decipher) decifrare [ code]

12) (leave)

to break camp — levare il campo

13) (announce) annunciare [ news]; rivelare [ truth]

to break the news to sb. — comunicare la notizia a qcn
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. broke; p.pass. broken)

1) (be damaged) [chair, egg, string] rompersi; [ branch] rompersi, spezzarsi; [plate, window] rompersi, infrangersi; [arm, bone, leg] rompersi, fratturarsi; [ bag] spaccarsi

the vase broke in two — il vaso si ruppe in due

the sound of breaking glass — il rumore di vetro infranto

2) (separate) [ clouds] aprirsi, squarciarsi; [ waves] (in)frangersi

3) (stop for a rest) fare una pausa

4) (change) [ good weather] guastarsi; [ heatwave] cessare

5) (begin) [ day] spuntare, cominciare; [ storm] scoppiare; [scandal, story] scoppiare, esplodere

6) (discontinue)

to break with sb. — rompere (i rapporti) con qcn.

to break with a party, the church — lasciare un partito, la chiesa

to break with tradition — rompere con la tradizione

7) (weaken)

their spirit never broke — non si sono mai persi di spirito

to break under torture — crollare, cedere sotto le torture

8) (change tone) [ boy's voice] mutare, cambiare

in a voice breaking with emotion — con la voce rotta per l'emozione

•

- break away

- break down

- break even

- break free

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break through

- break up

* * *
[breik] 1. past tense - broke; verb
1) (to divide into two or more parts (by force).) rompere, spezzare

2) ((usually with off/away) to separate (a part) from the whole (by force).) rompere, spezzare

3) (to make or become unusable.) rompere

4) (to go against, or not act according to (the law etc): He broke his appointment at the last minute.) infrangere, venire meno

5) (to do better than (a sporting etc record).) battere, superare

6) (to interrupt: She broke her journey in London.) interrompere

7) (to put an end to: He broke the silence.) rompere

8) (to make or become known: They gently broke the news of his death to his wife.) comunicare

9) ((of a boy's voice) to fall in pitch.) alterarsi, mutare

10) (to soften the effect of (a fall, the force of the wind etc).) smussare

11) (to begin: The storm broke before they reached shelter.) scoppiare, cominciare
2. noun
1) (a pause: a break in the conversation.) pausa

2) (a change: a break in the weather.) cambiamento

3) (an opening.) inizio

4) (a chance or piece of (good or bad) luck: This is your big break.) opportunità, occasione

•

- breakable
3. noun
((usually in plural) something likely to break.) oggetto fragile

- breakage
- breaker
- breakdown
- break-in
- breakneck
- breakout
- breakthrough
- breakwater
- break away
- break down
- break into
- break in
- break loose
- break off
- break out
- break out in
- break the ice
- break up
- make a break for it
* * *
I [breɪk]
nome

1) (fracture) rottura f., frattura f.

2) (crack) spaccatura f., incrinatura f.

3) (gap) (in wall) breccia f.; (in row, line) spazio m. (vuoto); (in circuit, chain) interruzione f.; (in conversation, match) pausa f.; (in performance) intervallo m.

a break in the clouds — uno squarcio fra le nuvole, una schiarita

a break in transmission — un'interruzione delle trasmissioni

4) rad. telev. (anche commercial break) pausa f. pubblicitaria, pubblicità f.

5) (pause) pausa f.; scol. intervallo m., ricreazione f.

to take a break — fare una pausa

I worked for six hours without a break — ho lavorato senza sosta per sei ore

to take o have a break from working smettere di lavorare per un lungo periodo; give us a break! — colloq. dacci tregua!

6) (holiday) vacanze f.pl.

the Christmas break — le vacanze di Natale

7) fig. (departure) rottura f.

a break with the past — un taglio con il passato

it's time to make the break — (from family) è ora di lasciare il nido; (from job) è ora di cambiare

8) (opportunity) colloq. opportunità f.

a big break — una grande occasione

a lucky break — un colpo di fortuna

9) (dawn)

at the break of day — allo spuntar del giorno, all'alba

10) (escape bid)

to make a break for it — (from prison) colloq. tentare la fuga

to make a break for the door — cercare di raggiungere la porta (per scappare)

11) (in tennis) (anche service break) break m.

12) (in snooker, pool)

it's your break — tocca a te cominciare

to make a 50 point break — totalizzare 50 punti di seguito
II 1. [breɪk]
verbo transitivo (pass. broke; p.pass. broken)

1) (damage) rompere [chair, eggs, stick, toy]; rompere, spaccare [plate, window]; spezzare [ rope]

to break a tooth, a bone — rompersi o spezzarsi un dente, un osso

to break one's leg — rompersi una gamba

to break one's neck — rompersi il collo (anche fig.)

2) (rupture) infrangere [ seal]; interrompere [ sentence]

the skin is not broken — la pelle non è offesa

the river broke its banks — il fiume ruppe gli argini

3) (interrupt) [ person] rompere [ silence]; [shout, siren] squarciare [ silence]; interrompere [ circuit]; rompere [monotony, spell]; spezzare, rompere [ties, links]

to break one's silence — rompere il silenzio

we broke our journey in Rome — facemmo una sosta a Roma

4) (disobey) infrangere [law, rule]; non rispettare [embargo, terms]; violare [ treaty]; sospendere [ strike]; rompere, venir meno a [ vow]; mancare a [ appointment]

he broke his word, promise — ha mancato di parola, è venuto meno alla sua promessa

5) (exceed, surpass) oltrepassare, superare [speed limit, bounds]; battere [ record]; superare [ speed barrier]

6) (lessen the impact of) tagliare [ wind]; [ branches] frenare [ fall]; [ hay] attutire [ fall]

7) fig. (destroy) [ troops] soffocare [ rebellion]; spezzare [resistance, will]

to break sb.'s spirit — abbattere il morale di qcn.

to break a habit — liberarsi da un'abitudine

8) (ruin) rovinare [ person]

9) equit. domare [ young horse]

10) (in tennis)

to break sb.'s serve — strappare il servizio a qcn

11) (decipher) decifrare [ code]

12) (leave)

to break camp — levare il campo

13) (announce) annunciare [ news]; rivelare [ truth]

to break the news to sb. — comunicare la notizia a qcn
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. broke; p.pass. broken)

1) (be damaged) [chair, egg, string] rompersi; [ branch] rompersi, spezzarsi; [plate, window] rompersi, infrangersi; [arm, bone, leg] rompersi, fratturarsi; [ bag] spaccarsi

the vase broke in two — il vaso si ruppe in due

the sound of breaking glass — il rumore di vetro infranto

2) (separate) [ clouds] aprirsi, squarciarsi; [ waves] (in)frangersi

3) (stop for a rest) fare una pausa

4) (change) [ good weather] guastarsi; [ heatwave] cessare

5) (begin) [ day] spuntare, cominciare; [ storm] scoppiare; [scandal, story] scoppiare, esplodere

6) (discontinue)

to break with sb. — rompere (i rapporti) con qcn.

to break with a party, the church — lasciare un partito, la chiesa

to break with tradition — rompere con la tradizione

7) (weaken)

their spirit never broke — non si sono mai persi di spirito

to break under torture — crollare, cedere sotto le torture

8) (change tone) [ boy's voice] mutare, cambiare

in a voice breaking with emotion — con la voce rotta per l'emozione

•

- break away

- break down

- break even

- break free

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break through

- break up

English-Italian dictionary > break
12 закон

юр.

law; (акт) act, statute

быть равным перед законом — to be equal before the law

вводить законы — to make / to introduce laws

вводить закон в действие — to enact / to implement the law, to put the law into effect / operation

возводить в закон — to raise to the status of law

вступать в силу как закон — to become law, to enter in force

вступить в противоречие с законом — to come into conflict with law, to contradict the law

выполнять требования закона — to fulfil the requirements of the law

действовать на основании закона — to act with the authority of the law

держаться в рамках закона — to keep within the law

игнорировать закон — to defy the law

издавать закон — to promulgate a law

изымать из-под действия закона — to except from operation of the law, to exempt

исполнять закон — to observe a law

нарушать закон — to break / to infringe / to contravene / to violate / to disobey a law

нарушать законы общества — to sin against the laws of society

находиться вне закона — to be outlawed

не применять закон — to waive a law

неукоснительно соблюдать законы — to faithfully execute the laws

обеспечить соблюдение закона — to enforce the law

издать закон — to make / to issue a law обнародовать закон to promulgate / to issue the law

обходить закон — to evade the law, to go beyond the law

объявлять вне закона — to outlaw

объявлять войну вне закона — to outlaw war

отменять закон — to abrogate / to annul / to repeal an act / a law, to abate a law

помешать принятию закона — to block the passage of the act

преступать закон — to transgress / to violate / to break the law

принимать закон — to adopt / to pass legislation / a law

проводить законы в жизнь — to enforce laws

протащить закон (через законодательный орган) — to rush a law through

соблюдать закон — to follow / to observe / to abide by / to comply with the law

становиться законом — to become law

уважать закон — to respect the law

уважать законы и нормы государства — to respect the laws and regulations of a state

ужесточать законы — to toughen up laws

устанавливать законы — to institute laws

устанавливать законом — to establish by decree / law

закон разрешает такую процедуру — the law warrants this procedure

этот закон ещё имеет силу — this law still holds

эти законы скорее разрешают, чем предписывают — these laws are permissive rather than mandatory

не подпадающий под действие закона — extralegal

не предусмотренный законом — without a legal provision

подчиняющийся законам — law-abiding

соответствующий закону, установленный законом — statutory

установленный законом контроль над ценами — statutory price control

антипрофсоюзные законы — antitrade union laws

антитрестовские законы — antrust acts

действенный закон международной жизни — effective norm of international life

действующие законы — laws in force / vigour, active laws

драконовские законы — Draconic / harsh / rigorous laws

единообразный закон — uniform act

жестокие законы — sanguinary laws

запретительный закон — prohibitory law

избирательный закон — election / electoral law

национальные законы государства пребывания — domestic laws of the receiving state

незыблемый закон — inviolable law

неписаный закон — imperscriptible law / right, unwritten code / law

непреложный закон — indefeasible law, unalterable law

объективные законы общественного развития — objective laws of social development

основной закон — fundamental / basic law

священные законы — sacred laws

тарифный закон — tariff law

федеральный закон (США) — Federal law

экономические законы — economic laws

буква закона — letter of the law

приверженность букве закона — legality

дух и буква закона — the spirit and the letter of the law

введение закона в силу, принятие закона — enactment

распространять действие закона на всех — to extend the application of a law to all

длительность действия закона — duration of a statute

приостановление действия закона — suspension of a statute

диспозитивная часть закона — purview

закон военного времени — martial law

законы войны — laws of war

законы в отношении распространения клеветы — laws of libel

закон денежного обращения — law of the circulation of money

закон молчания — code of silence

закон о браке с иностранными гражданами — foreign marriages act

закон о государственном предприятии (объединении) — Law on the State Enterprise (Association)

закон о гражданстве — nationality law

закон о завещаниях — wills act

закон о защите мира — Peace Defence Law

закон о несостоятельности — bankruptcy law

законы об охоте — hunting / game laws

законы о земельной собственности — land laws

закон о королевских браках — royal marriage act

закон о морских перевозках — merchant shipping act

закон о престолонаследии (Великобритания) — Act of Settlement

закон о приостановке конституционных гарантий — Coercion Act / Bill

закон о пэрстве (1963 г., предоставляет право пэрам на отказ от титула, что даёт им возможность баллотироваться в палату общин, Великобритания) — Peerage Act

закон о сроках давности — statute of limitations

закон о судопроизводстве — judicative act

закон об арбитраже — arbitration act

закон об обманных действиях — statute of frauds

закон об обороне — defence act, act of defence

закон об образовании новой "территории" или превращении "территории" в штат (США) — organic act

закон об освобождении от уголовной ответственности (Великобритания) — Act / Bill of Indemnity

закон об отправлении правосудия — administration of justice act

закон об уголовном судопроизводстве — criminal procedure act

закон стоимости — law of value

закон чести — code of honour

кодекс законов — establishment

кодекс законов о труде — labour code

конституция как основной закон — Fundamental Law

наблюдение за соблюдением законов — law enforcement

нарушение закона — offence against the law, breach / contravention / infringement / transgression / violation of the law

грубое нарушение закона — gross violation of the law

нарушение федерального закона — federal offence амер.

в нарушение законов — in contravention / violation of the law

нарушитель закона — law-breaker

несоблюдение / неисполнение законов — failure to comply with the laws

отмена закона — abrogation / repeal of the law

отступление от закона — departure from the law

подписание закона (президентом, королём) — enactment

постановляющая часть / преамбула закона — enacting clause

принятие закона о выборах — adoption of a new electoral law

свод законов — code, code of laws, statute book; corpus juris лат.

сила закона — force of law

приобретать силу закона — to acquire force of the law

в силу закона — by authority of law

действующий в силу закона — statutable

не имеющий силы закона — unenforced

соответствие закону — congruence with the law

сохранение закона в силе — continuation of an act

статья закона — article of a law

вопреки закону — against / contrary / in spite of the law, unlawfully

в рамках (наших) законов — within the framework of (our) laws

в соответствии с законами и правилами — in accordance with law and regulations

именем закона — in the name of the law

по закону — according to the law

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > закон
13 закон

муж. law;
rule;
act, statute юр. избирательный закон ≈ electoral law закон движения ≈ law of motion закон тяготения ≈ law of gravity закон Ньютона ≈ Newton's law закон Менделя ≈ Mendel's law по закону ≈ according to the law вне закона ≈ without the law, (to be) outlawed вопреки закону ≈ contrary to law вводить закон в действие ≈ to implement a law, to put a law in force издавать закон ≈ to promulgate a law нарушать закон ≈ to break the law объявлять вне закона ≈ to outlaw, to proscribe преступать закон ≈ to transgress/violate/break the law принимать закон ≈ to pass a law соблюдать закон ≈ to observe the law, to keep within the law действующий закон ≈ law currently in force строгий закон ≈ stringent law суровый закон ≈ drastic law/measures сухой закон ≈ prohibition закон Божий ≈ (God's) Law;
religion (школьный предмет) закон всемирного тяготения ≈ the law of gravity закон убывающего плодородия ≈ law of diminishing return закон сохранения и превращения энергии ≈ conservation of energy охраняемый законом ≈ registered именем закона ≈ in the name of the law свод законов ≈ legal code;
statute book;
code of laws дух закона ≈ the spirit of the law сила закона ≈ validity/ force of the law вводить закон ≈ enact антимонопольный закон ≈ antitrust law божественный закон ≈ higher law дуракам закон не писан посл. ≈ fools rush in where angels fear to tread закон природы ≈ decree of nature формулировать закон ≈ to lay down the law

м. law;
действующие ~ы the law(s) in force;
объявить, поставить кого-л. вне ~а outlaw smb. ;
обходить ~ evade the law;
подчиняться ~у abide* the law;
соблюдать ~ observe the law;
~ сохранения энергии the law of the conservation of energy.

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > закон
14 закон

муж.

law; rule; act, statute юр.

по закону Ньютона — from Newton's law

антимонопольный закон — antitrust law

божественный закон — higher law

вводить закон в действие — to implement a law, to put a law in force

вводить закон — enact

вне закона — without the law, (to be) outlawed

вопреки закону — contrary to law

выводить закон — to deduce, to work out a low

выдвигать закон — to advance a law

действующий закон — law currently in force

дух закона — the spirit of the law

закон Божий — (God's) Law; religion (школьный предмет)

закон всемирного тяготения — the law of gravity

закон движения — law of motion

закон линча — Lynch law

закон Менделя — Mendel's law

закон Ньютона — Newton's law

закон сохранения и превращения энергии — conservation of energy

закон тяготения — law of gravity

закон убывающего плодородия — law of diminishing return

избирательный закон — electoral law

издавать закон — to promulgate a law

именем закона — in the name of the law

нарушать закон — to break the law

объявлять вне закона — to outlaw, to proscribe

охраняемый законом — registered

по закону — according to the law

преступать закон — to transgress/violate/break the law

принимать закон — to pass a law

свод законов — legal code; statute book; code of laws

сила закона — validity/ force of the law

соблюдать закон — to observe the law, to keep within the law

строгий закон — stringent law

суровый закон — drastic law/measures

сухой закон — prohibition

••

закон природы — decree of nature

формулировать закон — to lay down the law

дуракам закон не писан посл. — fools rush in where angels fear to tread

Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > закон
15 în spiritul legii

in the spirit of the law

according to the law

under the law.

Română-Engleză dicționar expresii > în spiritul legii
16 Pound, Roscoe

(1870-1964) Паунд, Роско

Юрист, педагог. Профессор права в Гарвардском университете [ Harvard University] в 1910-37. В 1916-36 был деканом юридического факультета (Школы права) [ Harvard Law School]. Выступал за большую гибкость закона, за необходимость для юриспруденции адаптироваться к изменению социально-экономических условий жизни общества. Автор многочисленных трудов по истории юриспруденции и теории права, среди которых: "Дух общего права" ["The Spirit of Common Law"] (1921) - наиболее известная из его книг, "Уголовное правосудие в Америке" ["Criminal Justice in America"] (1930), "Административное право, его развитие, процессуальность и значение" ["Administrative Law, Its Growth, Procedure and Significance"] (1942), "Правосудие по закону" ["Justice According to the Law"] (1951), "Юриспруденция" ["Jurisprudence"] в 5 томах (1959) и др.

English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Pound, Roscoe
17 νόμος

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > νόμος
18 ley

f.

law (norma, precepto).

leyes law (derecho)

ganaron con todas las de la ley (informal) they won fair and square

de buena ley reliable, sterling

ley del embudo (informal) one law for oneself and another for everyone else

ley marcial martial law

ley de la oferta y la demanda law of supply and demand

ley sálica (history) Salic law

la Ley Seca (history) Prohibition

la ley de la selva the law of the jungle

ley de la ventaja (sport) advantage (law)

* * *

ley

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) law; (proyecto de ley) bill, act; (regla) rule

2 (de metal) purity

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

aprobar una ley to pass a bill

con todas las de la ley proper

de ley (oro) pure 2 (plata) sterling 3 (persona) genuine

¡es ley de vida! that's life!, that's the way the cookie crumbles!

estar fuera de la ley to be outside the law

hecha la ley, hecha la trampa whatever the law, there's always a loophole, laws are made to be broken

por ley by law

la ley del más fuerte the law of the jungle

ley del embudo double standards plural

ley marcial martial law

ley orgánica constitutional law

ley sálica Salic law

ley seca prohibition law

* * *

noun f.

1) law

2) purity

* * *

SF

1) (=precepto) law

aprobar o votar una ley — to pass a law

todos somos iguales ante la ley — we are all equal before the law

está por encima de la ley — he's above the law

está fuera de la ley — he's outside the law

un fuera de la ley — an outlaw

de acuerdo con la ley, según la ley — in accordance with the law, by law, in law

con todas las de la ley —

quieren crear una fundación con todas las de la ley — they want to set up a fully-fledged charitable trust

va a protestar, y con todas las de la ley — he's going to complain and rightly so

quiere celebrar su aniversario con todas las de la ley — she wants to celebrate her anniversary in style

- hecha la ley hecha la trampa

ley cambiaria — currency exchange regulations

ley de extranjería — immigration laws

ley de fugas, se le aplicó la ley de fugas — he was shot while trying to escape

ley fundamental — constitutional law

ley marcial — martial law

ley orgánica — constitutional law

ley seca — prohibition law

2) (=regla no escrita) law

ley de la calle — mob law, lynch law

ley de la selva — law of the jungle

ley del embudo — unfair law

ley del más fuerte — (principle of) might is right

ley del Talión — ( Hist) lex talionis; (fig) (principle of) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth

3) (=principio científico) law

ley de la gravedad — law of gravity

ley de la oferta y la demanda — law of supply and demand

ley natural — (Fís) law of nature; (Ética) natural law

4) (Dep) rule, law

ley de la ventaja — advantage rule

5) (Rel)

la ley de Dios — the rule of God, God's law

ley de Moisés — the law of Moses

6) (Metal)

oro de ley — pure gold, standard gold

bajo de ley — base

ser de (buena) ley — to be genuine

ser de mala ley — to be a bad character

7) † (=lealtad) loyalty, devotion

tener/tomar ley a algn — to be/become devoted to sb

* * *

femenino

1) ( disposición legal) law

conforme a la ley — in accordance with the law

aplicar una ley — to apply a law

violar la ley — to break the law

atenerse a la ley — to obey the law

es ley de vida — it is a fact of life

hacerle la ley del hielo a alguien — (Chi, Méx) to give somebody the cold shoulder

la ley de la selva or de la jungla — the law of the jungle

la ley del más fuerte — the survival of the fittest

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo — the line of least resistance

la ley del talión — an eye for an eye

morir en su ley — (Andes) to die as one lived

quien hace la ley hace la trampa — every law has a loophole

ley pareja no es dura — (CS) a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone

- ley de fuga

- ley del embudo

- ley seca

2) ( justicia)

la ley — the law

somos iguales ante la ley — we are equal in the eyes of the law

un representante de la ley — a representative of the law

con todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very deservedly; una comida con todas las de la ley a proper meal; una democracia con todas las de la ley — a fully-fledged democracy

- ley marcial/sálica

3) (Fís) law

- ley de la oferta y la demanda

4) (de oro, plata) assay value

de buena ley — genuine

* * *

= bill, law, legislative enactment, act.

Ex. The conference debated a library bill which aims to set up public libraries in all municipalities with over 30,000 inhabitants.

Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.

Ex. Apply this rule to legislative enactments and decrees of a political jurisdiction and decrees of a chief executive having the force of law.

Ex. This act allowed for the establishment of town libraries, which were free and open to all ratepayers and provided by funds from local rates.

----

* acatar la ley = follow + the law.

* acatar las leyes = keep on + the right side of the law.

* al borde de la ley = on the edge of the law.

* al margen de la ley = extra-judicial.

* ante la ley = at law.

* anteproyecto de ley = draft of legislation, draft bill.

* aprobar una ley = pass + law, pass + legislation, pass + bill.

* ausencia de ley = anomie.

* autoridad sancionadora de ley = enactor of law.

* castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.

* confección de leyes = law-making [lawmaking/law making].

* con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.

* con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.

* contravenir la ley = contravene + the law, break + the law.

* contravenir una ley = be in breach of + law.

* creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* creador de leyes = rule-maker [rulemaker].

* cumplidor de las leyes = law abiding.

* cumplir la ley = observe + the law.

* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.

* de ley = kosher.

* dentro de la ley = within the law.

* elaboración de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.

* formulación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcement, enforce + law, legal enforcement.

* hacer las leyes más estrictas = tighten + laws.

* infractor de la ley = scofflaw.

* infringir la ley = break + the law.

* infringir una ley = infringe + law, violate + law, breach + law, be in breach of + law.

* interpretar la ley = interpret + the law.

* interpretar la ley según le convenga mejor a Uno = bend + the rules to suit + Posesivo + own purposes, bend + the rules, circumvent + rules.

* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.

* legislación por decreto ley = delegated legislation.

* ley antigua = ancient law.

* ley antiterrorista = terrorism act.

* ley consuetudinaria = customary law.

* ley cósmica = cosmic law.

* ley de bibliotecas = library law.

* ley de bibliotecas, la = library act, the.

* ley de copyright = copyright law.

* ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.

* ley de dispersión = law of scattering.

* Ley de Dispersión de Bradford = Bradford's distribution law, Bradford's Law of Scatter, Bradford's Law of Scattering.

* ley de frecuencias de palabras de Zipf = Zipf's word frequency law.

* ley de la gravedad, la = law of gravity, the.

* ley de la oferta y la demanda = law of supply and demand.

* ley de la selva, la = law of the jungle, the.

* Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.

* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.

* ley de los rendimientos decrecientes = law of diminishing returns.

* Ley de Lotka, la = Lotka's Law.

* ley del secreto industrial = trade secret law.

* ley de Pareto = Pareto's law.

* ley de pesos y medidas = weights and measures act.

* ley de productividad científica de Lotka = Lotka's scientific productivity law.

* Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la = intellectual property law, Copyright Act, the.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.

* ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.

* Ley de Simplificación de los Procesos Administrativos = Paperwork Reduction Act.

* ley de sucesión = inheritance law.

* ley de vida = fact of life, laws of nature.

* ley draconiana = draconian law.

* leyes = the law of the land.

* leyes científicas = laws of physics.

* leyes contra la difamación = laws of libel.

* leyes de la ciencia = laws of physics.

* leyes de la física = laws of physics.

* leyes de la naturaleza = nature's laws, laws of nature.

* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.

* leyes sobre patentes = patent law.

* leyes vigentes = the law of the land.

* ley exponencial = power law.

* ley exponencial inversa = inverse power law.

* ley marcial = martial law.

* Ley Patriótica, La = USA Patriot Act, the.

* ley penal = penal law.

* ley sobre contratos = contract law.

* ley sucesoria = inheritance law.

* ley tribal = tribal law.

* ley tributaria = tax bill.

* no infringir las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* obedecer la ley = observe + the law, follow + the law.

* organismo encargado de hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcing agency.

* por ley = mandated.

* promulgar leyes = enact + legislation.

* promulgar una ley = enact + law, promulgate + rule, promulgate + law.

* proteger por ley = protect by + law.

* proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.

* quebrantar la ley = break + the law.

* rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.

* redactar leyes = draft + legislation.

* redactar una ley = draft + law.

* respetar la ley = observe + the law.

* respetar las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* respetuoso de la ley = law abiding.

* saltarse la ley a la torera = flout + the law.

* ser responsable ante la ley = be criminally liable.

* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.

* transgresor de la ley = lawbreaker.

* valor de ley = force of law.

* violación de la ley = breach of legislation.

* violar una ley = violate + law, break + the law, be in breach of + law.

* * *

femenino

1) ( disposición legal) law

conforme a la ley — in accordance with the law

aplicar una ley — to apply a law

violar la ley — to break the law

atenerse a la ley — to obey the law

es ley de vida — it is a fact of life

hacerle la ley del hielo a alguien — (Chi, Méx) to give somebody the cold shoulder

la ley de la selva or de la jungla — the law of the jungle

la ley del más fuerte — the survival of the fittest

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo — the line of least resistance

la ley del talión — an eye for an eye

morir en su ley — (Andes) to die as one lived

quien hace la ley hace la trampa — every law has a loophole

ley pareja no es dura — (CS) a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone

- ley de fuga

- ley del embudo

- ley seca

2) ( justicia)

la ley — the law

somos iguales ante la ley — we are equal in the eyes of the law

un representante de la ley — a representative of the law

con todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very deservedly; una comida con todas las de la ley a proper meal; una democracia con todas las de la ley — a fully-fledged democracy

- ley marcial/sálica

3) (Fís) law

- ley de la oferta y la demanda

4) (de oro, plata) assay value

de buena ley — genuine

* * *

= bill, law, legislative enactment, act.

Ex: The conference debated a library bill which aims to set up public libraries in all municipalities with over 30,000 inhabitants.

Ex: A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.

Ex: Apply this rule to legislative enactments and decrees of a political jurisdiction and decrees of a chief executive having the force of law.

Ex: This act allowed for the establishment of town libraries, which were free and open to all ratepayers and provided by funds from local rates.

* acatar la ley = follow + the law.

* acatar las leyes = keep on + the right side of the law.

* al borde de la ley = on the edge of the law.

* al margen de la ley = extra-judicial.

* ante la ley = at law.

* anteproyecto de ley = draft of legislation, draft bill.

* aprobar una ley = pass + law, pass + legislation, pass + bill.

* ausencia de ley = anomie.

* autoridad sancionadora de ley = enactor of law.

* castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.

* confección de leyes = law-making [lawmaking/law making].

* con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.

* con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.

* contravenir la ley = contravene + the law, break + the law.

* contravenir una ley = be in breach of + law.

* creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* creador de leyes = rule-maker [rulemaker].

* cumplidor de las leyes = law abiding.

* cumplir la ley = observe + the law.

* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.

* de ley = kosher.

* dentro de la ley = within the law.

* elaboración de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.

* formulación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcement, enforce + law, legal enforcement.

* hacer las leyes más estrictas = tighten + laws.

* infractor de la ley = scofflaw.

* infringir la ley = break + the law.

* infringir una ley = infringe + law, violate + law, breach + law, be in breach of + law.

* interpretar la ley = interpret + the law.

* interpretar la ley según le convenga mejor a Uno = bend + the rules to suit + Posesivo + own purposes, bend + the rules, circumvent + rules.

* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.

* legislación por decreto ley = delegated legislation.

* ley antigua = ancient law.

* ley antiterrorista = terrorism act.

* ley consuetudinaria = customary law.

* ley cósmica = cosmic law.

* ley de bibliotecas = library law.

* ley de bibliotecas, la = library act, the.

* ley de copyright = copyright law.

* ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.

* ley de dispersión = law of scattering.

* Ley de Dispersión de Bradford = Bradford's distribution law, Bradford's Law of Scatter, Bradford's Law of Scattering.

* ley de frecuencias de palabras de Zipf = Zipf's word frequency law.

* ley de la gravedad, la = law of gravity, the.

* ley de la oferta y la demanda = law of supply and demand.

* ley de la selva, la = law of the jungle, the.

* Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.

* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.

* ley de los rendimientos decrecientes = law of diminishing returns.

* Ley de Lotka, la = Lotka's Law.

* ley del secreto industrial = trade secret law.

* ley de Pareto = Pareto's law.

* ley de pesos y medidas = weights and measures act.

* ley de productividad científica de Lotka = Lotka's scientific productivity law.

* Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la = intellectual property law, Copyright Act, the.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.

* ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.

* Ley de Simplificación de los Procesos Administrativos = Paperwork Reduction Act.

* ley de sucesión = inheritance law.

* ley de vida = fact of life, laws of nature.

* ley draconiana = draconian law.

* leyes = the law of the land.

* leyes científicas = laws of physics.

* leyes contra la difamación = laws of libel.

* leyes de la ciencia = laws of physics.

* leyes de la física = laws of physics.

* leyes de la naturaleza = nature's laws, laws of nature.

* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.

* leyes sobre patentes = patent law.

* leyes vigentes = the law of the land.

* ley exponencial = power law.

* ley exponencial inversa = inverse power law.

* ley marcial = martial law.

* Ley Patriótica, La = USA Patriot Act, the.

* ley penal = penal law.

* ley sobre contratos = contract law.

* ley sucesoria = inheritance law.

* ley tribal = tribal law.

* ley tributaria = tax bill.

* no infringir las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* obedecer la ley = observe + the law, follow + the law.

* organismo encargado de hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcing agency.

* por ley = mandated.

* promulgar leyes = enact + legislation.

* promulgar una ley = enact + law, promulgate + rule, promulgate + law.

* proteger por ley = protect by + law.

* proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.

* quebrantar la ley = break + the law.

* rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.

* redactar leyes = draft + legislation.

* redactar una ley = draft + law.

* respetar la ley = observe + the law.

* respetar las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* respetuoso de la ley = law abiding.

* saltarse la ley a la torera = flout + the law.

* ser responsable ante la ley = be criminally liable.

* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.

* transgresor de la ley = lawbreaker.

* valor de ley = force of law.

* violación de la ley = breach of legislation.

* violar una ley = violate + law, break + the law, be in breach of + law.

* * *

ley

feminine

A (disposición legal) law

conforme a la leyor según disponen las leyes in accordance with the law

promulgar/dictar una ley to promulgate/issue a law

aprobar/derogar una ley to pass/repeal a law

aplicar una ley to apply a law

se acogió a la ley de ciudadanía he sought protection under the citizenship law

violar la ley to break the law

atenerse a la ley to abide by o obey the law

es ley de vida it is a fact of life

hacerle la ley del hielo a algn (Chi, Méx); to give sb the cold shoulder

la ley de la selva or de la jungla the law of the jungle

la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo the line of least resistance

la ley del Talión an eye for an eye

aplicar la ley del Talión to demand an eye for an eye

morir en su ley ( Andes); to die as one lived

tenerle ley a algn ( Chi fam); to have it in for sb ( colloq)

hecha la ley hecha la trampa or quien hace la ley hace la trampa every law has its loophole

ley pareja no es dura or rigurosa (CS); a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone

Compuestos:

● ley de extranjería

(en Esp) ≈ immigration laws (pl)

● ley de fuga(s)

(Andes, Méx): aplicarle a algn la ley de fuga(s) the practice of allowing a prisoner to escape and then shooting him/her in the back

● ley de la ventaja

advantage rule

● ley del embudo

unfair law/rule

● ley orgánica

organic law

● ley seca

la ley seca Prohibition

● ley tributaria

tax law

B

(justicia): la ley the law

todos somos iguales ante la ley we are all equal in the eyes of the law o under the law

un representante de la ley a representative of the law

con todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very fairly o rightly o deservedly

un almuerzo con todas las de la ley a proper o real lunch

Compuestos:

● ley marcial

martial law

● ley sálica

Salic law

C

1 (regla natural) law

las leyes de la física the laws of physics

2 ( Bib) law

Compuestos:

● ley de la gravedad

law of gravity

● ley de la oferta y la demanda

law of supply and demand

● leyes de Mendel

fpl Mendel's laws (pl)

D (de oro, plata) assay value

de buena ley genuine

* * *

ley sustantivo femenino
1 ( en general) law;
◊ violar la ley to break the law;

iguales ante la ley equal in the eyes of the law;
ley de la oferta y la demanda law of supply and demand;
la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest;
ley pareja no es dura (CS) a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone
2 (de oro, plata) assay value
ley sustantivo femenino law
Rel la ley del aborto, the abortion law
la ley judía/cristiana, Jewish/Christian law
ley marcial, martial law
una ley de protección del patrimonio artístico, a law on artistic heritage protection
la ley de la selva, the law of the jungle
Pol proyecto de ley, bill
♦ Locuciones: es una persona de ley, he's a reliable person
oro de ley, pure gold
plata de ley, sterling silver
' ley' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acogerse
- adelante
- anteproyecto
- anular
- anulación
- aplicarse
- aprobar
- calle
- codificar
- decreto
- derogación
- dictar
- estatuto
- formular
- hallar
- igualdad
- impugnar
- infringir
- LOGSE
- observar
- oposición
- oro
- plata
- proscrita
- proscrito
- proyecto
- radical
- reformar
- regir
- relajar
- respetar
- retroactiva
- retroactivo
- rigor
- sálica
- sálico
- sancionar
- selva
- someterse
- supresión
- suprimir
- tabla
- talión
- título
- universal
- vigencia
- vigente
- vigor
- violar
- violación
English:
act
- apply
- arm
- bill
- breach
- break
- bring in
- carry
- date back to
- date from
- defy
- effect
- enact
- enforce
- equal
- fingertip
- frame
- framework
- full-fledged
- go through
- implement
- infringe
- infringement
- introduce
- introduction
- jungle
- keep
- law
- legal
- letter
- liberal
- move
- muscle
- obey
- observance
- observe
- pass
- passing
- provoke
- repeal
- repudiate
- reversal
- revival
- revive
- scope
- section
- sod
- stand
- state
- statutory

* * *

ley nf

1. [norma] law;
[parlamentaria] act;
Comp

hecha la ley, hecha la trampa laws are made to be broken;

leyes [derecho] law

Comp
ley de extranjería immigration law;
ley de fugas = illegal execution of prisoner, pretending that he was shot while trying to escape;

ley fundamental basic law, constitutional law;

ley de incompatibilidades = act regulating which other positions may be held by people holding public office;

ley marcial martial law;
Pol ley marco framework law; Pol ley orgánica organic law; Hist ley sálica Salic law;
ley seca prohibition law;
Dep ley de la ventaja advantage (law);
aplicar la ley de la ventaja to play the advantage

2. [precepto religioso] law

Comp
la ley coránica Koranic law;
la ley judía Jewish law

3. [principio] law

Comp
Fam ley del embudo one law for oneself and another for everyone else;
la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest;

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo: [m5] seguir la ley del mínimo esfuerzo to take the line of least resistance;

ley natural law of nature;

ley de la oferta y de la demanda law of supply and demand;

la ley de la selva the law of the jungle;

la ley del talión an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth;

no cree en la ley del talión she doesn't believe in “an eye for an eye”;

ley de vida: [m5] es ley de vida it's a fact of life

4.
la ley [la justicia] the law;

la igualdad ante la ley equality before the law;

Comp
Fam
con todas las de la ley: ganaron con todas las de la ley they won fair and square;

Comp

ser de ley [situación] to be right and proper;
[persona] to be totally trustworthy
5. [de metal precioso]
de ley [oro] = containing the legal amount of gold;
[plata] sterling;
Comp

de buena ley reliable, sterling;

Comp

de mala ley crooked, disreputable

* * *

ley

f law;

es la ley del más fuerte might is right;

una ley no escrita an unwritten law;

con todas las de la ley fairly and squarely

* * *

ley nf

1) : law

fuera de la ley: outside the law

la ley de gravedad: the law of gravity

2) : purity (of metals)

oro de ley: pure gold

* * *

ley n law

Spanish-English dictionary > ley
19 πνεῦμα

πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 308ff).

① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)

ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).

ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).

② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen² 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.² 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.

③ a part of human personality, spirit

ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X⁷ 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.

ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).

ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.

④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).

ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).

ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.

ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.

⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.

ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.

ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.

ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).

β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.

ⓓ abs.

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).

β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.

ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.

ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.

ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.

α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.

β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.

γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).

δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.

⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).

ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.

ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).

ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.

ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.

ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.

ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.

⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.

⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen² 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines⁶ 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes² 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πνεῦμα
20 esprit

esprit [εspʀi]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = pensée) mind

• avoir l'esprit large to be broad-minded

• avoir l'esprit vif to be quick-witted

• avoir l'esprit clair to have a clear head

• avoir l'esprit mal tourné to have a dirty mind

• il a l'esprit ailleurs his mind is on other things

• dans mon esprit ça voulait dire... to my mind it meant...

• il m'est venu à l'esprit que... it crossed my mind that...

   b. ( = humour) wit

• avoir de l'esprit to be witty

• faire de l'esprit to try to be witty

   c. ( = personne) un des plus grands esprits du siècle one of the greatest minds of the century

• bel esprit wit

• les grands esprits se rencontrent great minds think alike

   d. (Religion, spiritualism) spirit

• esprit, es-tu là ? is there anybody there?

   e. [de loi, époque, texte] spirit

   f. ( = aptitude) avoir l'esprit d'analyse/critique to have an analytical/critical mind

   g. ( = attitude) spirit

• l'esprit de cette classe the general attitude of this class

• avoir mauvais esprit to be negative about things

• faire du mauvais esprit to make snide remarks

2. compounds

► esprit de compétition competitive spirit

► esprit d'équipe team spirit

► esprit de famille family feeling

► esprit frappeur poltergeist

► l'Esprit saint the Holy Spirit

* * *
ɛspʀi
nom masculin

1) ( caractère) mind

avoir l'esprit vif — to have a quick mind

avoir l'esprit mal placé — to have a dirty mind (colloq)

avoir l'esprit d'aventure — to be adventurous

avoir un esprit de synthèse — to be good at synthesizing

avoir l'esprit de contradiction — to be contrary

2) ( cerveau) mind

l'idée m'a traversé l'esprit — the idea crossed my mind

mettre un doute dans l'esprit de quelqu'un — to sow the seeds of doubt in somebody's mind

cela m'était totalement sorti de l'esprit — it completely slipped my mind

garder quelque chose à l'esprit — to keep something in mind

cela ne t'est jamais venu à l'esprit? — didn't it ever occur to you?

avoir l'esprit dérangé — to be disturbed

avoir l'esprit ailleurs — to be miles away

3) ( humour) wit

avoir de l'esprit — to be witty

une réponse pleine d'esprit — a witty reply

faire de l'esprit — to try to be witty

4) ( humeur) mood; ( disposition) spirit; ( ambiance) atmosphere

je n'ai pas l'esprit à rire — I'm in no mood for laughing

dans un esprit de vengeance — in a spirit of revenge

5) ( personne) individual

l'un des plus grands esprits de son temps — one of the greatest minds of his/her time

calmer les esprits — to calm people down

6) ( caractéristique) spirit

conforme à l'esprit de l'entreprise — in accordance with the company ethic

7) Philosophie, Religion, Mythologie spirit

les choses de l'esprit — spiritual matters

croire aux esprits — to believe in ghosts

‘esprit es-tu là?’ — ‘is there anybody there?’

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- esprit d'à-propos

- esprit de corps

- esprit d'équipe

- esprit de famille

••

perdre ses esprits — ( s'évanouir) to faint; ( être très troublé) to take leave of one's senses

retrouver or reprendre ses esprits — ( après un malaise) to regain consciousness; ( après une émotion) to collect one's wits

les grands esprits se rencontrent — great minds think alike

* * *
ɛspʀi
1. nm

1) (= pensée, intellect, facultés) mind

ouvrir l'esprit de qn — to open sb's mind

perdre l'esprit — to lose one's mind

avoir l'esprit à faire qch — to be in the mood to do sth, to feel like doing sth

venir à l'esprit de qn — to cross sb's mind

Ça ne m'est pas venu à l'esprit. — It didn't cross my mind., It never crossed my mind.

avoir bon esprit — to be of a good disposition

avoir mauvais esprit — to be of a bad disposition

avoir l'esprit critique — to be critical

2) (= humour) wit

avoir de l'esprit — to be witty

Il a beaucoup d'esprit. — He's very witty.

faire de l'esprit — to try to be witty

3) (mentalité, d'une loi) spirit

l'esprit et la lettre de la loi — the spirit and the letter of the law

dans un esprit de — in a spirit of

4) (créature imaginaire) spirit

2. esprits nmpl

reprendre ses esprits — to come to, to come round

* * *

esprit nm

1 ( caractère) mind; avoir l'esprit logique/vif to have a logical/quick mind; avoir l'esprit mal placé or tourné to have a dirty mind; avoir l'esprit d'aventure to be adventurous; avoir un esprit de synthèse to be good at synthesizing; avoir l'esprit d'à-propos to have a ready wit; avoir l'esprit de contradiction to be contrary; avoir l'esprit de système to systematize things; avoir l'esprit de sacrifice to be willing to make sacrifices;

2 ( cerveau) mind; garder l'esprit libre to keep an open mind; l'idée m'a traversé l'esprit the idea crossed my mind; mettre un doute dans l'esprit de qn to sow the seeds of doubt in sb's mind; cela m'était totalement sorti de l'esprit it completely slipped my mind; avoir/garder qch à l'esprit to have/keep sth in mind; mettre qch dans l'esprit de qn to get sb to bear sth in mind; mets-toi bien ça dans l'esprit bear that in mind; dans mon/leur esprit c'était facile the way I/they saw it, it was easy; paresse d'esprit intellectual laziness; cela m'occupe l'esprit it gives me something to think about; cela me repose l'esprit I find it relaxing for the mind; cela ne t'est jamais venu à l'esprit? didn't it ever occur to you?; se transporter en esprit en 1789 to go back mentally to 1789; avoir l'esprit dérangé to be disturbed; avoir l'esprit ailleurs to be miles away; ⇒ simple;

3 ( humour) wit; pétiller d'esprit to sparkle with wit; avoir de l'esprit to be witty; une réponse pleine d'esprit a witty reply; avec esprit wittily; femme d'esprit witty woman; faire de l'esprit to try to be witty; tous deux rivalisent d'esprit they're each trying to be wittier than the other;

4 ( humeur) mood; ( disposition) spirit; ( ambiance) atmosphere; avoir l'esprit chagrin to be in a despondent mood; je n'ai pas l'esprit à rire I'm in no mood for laughing; dans un esprit de vengeance/confrontation/compromis in a spirit of revenge/confrontation/compromise; il y a un meilleur esprit the atmosphere has improved;

5 ( personne) individual; un esprit prudent/rebelle/faible a cautious/rebellious/spineless individual; l'un des plus grands esprits de son temps one of the greatest minds of his/her time; esprit fort freethinker; être un esprit libre to be a free spirit; calmer les esprits to calm people down; les esprits sont échauffés feeling is running high;

6 ( caractéristique) spirit; conserver l'esprit de l'émission to try to preserve the spirit of the programme^GB; dans l'esprit de l'époque or du temps in the spirit of the age; conforme à/contraire à l'esprit de l'entreprise in accordance with/contrary to the company ethic;

7 Philos, Relig spirit; les choses de l'esprit spiritual matters;

8 Mythol spirit; des esprits maléfiques evil spirits; un esprit bienfaisant a kindly spirit; croire aux esprits to believe in ghosts; ‘esprit es-tu là?’ ‘is there anybody there?’;

9 Ling esprit doux/rude smooth/rough breathing.

Composés

esprit d'à-propos ready wit; esprit de caste class consciousness; avoir l'esprit de caste to be class conscious; esprit de club club spirit; avoir l'esprit de club to be clubbable; esprit de corps solidarity, esprit de corps sout; avoir l'esprit de corps to show solidarity; esprit d'équipe team spirit; avoir l'esprit d'équipe to have team spirit; esprit de famille family solidarity; ils ont l'esprit de famille they're a very close family; je n'ai pas l'esprit de famille I'm not very family-oriented; esprit frappeur poltergeist; Esprit saint Relig Holy Spirit ou Ghost; esprit de sel† spirits of salt†; esprit de vin† spirit of wine†.

Idiomes

perdre ses esprits ( s'évanouir) to faint; ( être très troublé) to take leave of one's senses; retrouver or reprendre ses esprits ( après un malaise) to regain consciousness; ( après une émotion) to collect one's wits; ne pas être un pur esprit to be only flesh and blood; les grands esprits se rencontrent great minds think alike.

[ɛspri] nom masculin

1. [manière de penser] mind

les voyages ouvrent l'esprit travel broadens the mind

avoir l'esprit clair to be a clear thinker

avoir l'esprit critique to have a critical mind

avoir l'esprit étroit/large to be narrow-minded/broad-minded

avoir l'esprit lent/vif to be slow-witted/quick-witted

avoir l'esprit mal tourné (familier) to have a dirty mind

esprit de: esprit d'analyse analytical mind

avoir l'esprit d'aventure to have a spirit of adventure

avoir l'esprit d'à-propos to be quick off the mark, to have a ready wit

avoir l'esprit de contradiction to be contrary ou argumentative

esprit de suite consistency

sans esprit de suite inconsistently

avoir l'esprit de synthèse to be good at drawing ideas together

avoir l'esprit de l'escalier to be slow off the mark

2. [facultés, cerveau] mind, head

as-tu perdu l'esprit? are you out of your mind?, have you completely lost your head?

maintenant que j'ai fini le rapport, j'ai l'esprit libre now I've finished the report, I can relax

où avais-je l'esprit? what was I thinking of?

j'ai l'esprit ailleurs I'm not concentrating

il n'a pas l'esprit à ce qu'il fait his mind is elsewhere ou isn't on what he's doing

ça m'a traversé l'esprit it occurred to me, it crossed my mind

une idée me vient à l'esprit I've just thought of something

dans son esprit nous devrions voter according to him we should vote

dans mon esprit, la chambre était peinte en bleu in my mind's eye, I saw the bedroom painted in blue

dans mon esprit, les enfants partaient avant nous what I had in mind was for the children to go before us

3. [idée] sense

il a eu le bon esprit de ne pas téléphoner he had the sense not to call

4. [mentalité] spirit

l'esprit dans lequel cela a été fait the spirit in which it was done

avoir l'esprit sportif to be fond of sport

esprit de chapelle ou clan ou clocher ou parti parochial attitude

avoir l'esprit de clocher to be parochial

esprit de caste class consciousness

esprit de compétition/d'équipe competitive/team spirit

(avoir l')esprit de corps (to have) esprit de corps

avoir l'esprit d'entreprise to be enterprising

avoir l'esprit de famille to be family-minded

esprit de révolte rebelliousness

esprit de sacrifice spirit of sacrifice

c'est du mauvais esprit he's/they're etc. just trying to make trouble

faire preuve de mauvais esprit to be a troublemaker

5. [humeur]

avoir l'esprit à: je n'ai pas l'esprit à rire I'm not in the mood for laughing

6. [personne] mind

c'est un esprit tatillon he's far too fussy

un des esprits marquants de ce siècle one of the great minds ou leading lights of this century

esprits chagrins (péjoratif) faultfinders

un esprit libre a freethinker

un bel esprit a wit

les grands esprits se rencontrent (humoristique) great minds think alike

7. [humour] wit

avoir de l'esprit to be witty

faire de l'esprit to try to be witty ou funny

une femme (pleine) d'esprit a witty woman

une remarque pleine d'esprit a witty remark, a witticism

8. RELIGION spirit

[ange]

Esprit Spirit

Esprit malin, Esprit des ténèbres Evil Spirit, Evil One

l'Esprit Saint the Holy Spirit ou Ghost

9. [fantôme] ghost, spirit

esprit frappeur poltergeist

10. LINGUISTIQUE breathing

esprit doux/rude smooth/rough breathing

11. CHIMIE [partie volatile] spirit

esprit de sel, esprit-de-sel spirits of salt

esprit de vin, esprit-de-vin spirits of wine, ethanol

————————

esprits nom masculin pluriel

senses

reprendre ses esprits

a. [après un évanouissement] to regain consciousness, to come to

b. [se ressaisir] to get a grip on oneself

dans un esprit de locution prépositionnelle

dans un esprit de conciliation in an attempt at conciliation

dans un esprit de justice in a spirit of justice, in an effort to be fair

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > esprit

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